Vol 68, No 6 (2013)

The analysis of scientific data including American and European scientific communities concerning use of ractopamine as a growth factor in food animal production and the argumentation of the maximum permitted levels of ractopamine and levels of ractopamine in meat and byproducts (offal) is carried out. The position of the Russian side stated at the Codex Alimentarius commission 35th session that acceptable ractopamine daily intake is insufficiently validated and cannot be used for the determination of maximum permitted levels of ractopamine in meat and byproducts (offal) is confirmed. It is represented that residual ractopamine intake together with food on the levels which are recommended by the Codex Alimentarius commission and by taking into account the levels of animal products consumption in Russian Federation will lead to unacceptable human health risk level that will promote increasing heart diseases and life expectancy reduction. In this connection Russia states against of acceptance of maximum permitted levels of ractopamine in food.

Aim. To study features and risk factors  of soft tissue's invasive streptococcal infection in surgical unit's patients: a) emm-types of the most often recovered streptococcus; b) human immune response for streptococcal antigens (streptolysin-O and the group A carbohydrate antigen); c) main patient's conditions that complicate the course of soft tissue's streptococcal infection. Patients and methods. 101 surgical unit's patients with soft tissue's infection, which group A streptococcal (GAS) nature, were examined. Emm-types were determined by comparison of emm gene sequenced part with data of CDC Streptococcus Laboratory. ASO and specific anti-group-carbohydrate IgM were measured with photometry and ELISA accordingly.  Patient’s personal data were analyzed by standard statistical programs. Results. Among 34 emm-types of all streptococcal isolates emm28 and emm64 were registered only in invasive infection.  Emm-types 1, 49, 60, 66, 77, 84, 88 were most often. Among 23 sera from invasive GAS-infection's patients, 15 (65%) were ASO-negative, 6 (26%) were ASO-low-positive, and 2 (8%) were positive, but negative for the anti-group-A-carbohydrate IgM. Conclusion. Lower levels of the humoral immune response as well as risk factors such as trauma, alcoholism, diabetes, chronic venous insufficiency contributed to development of severe forms of GAS-infection. The main streptococcal emm-types for soft tissue's invasive GAS infection in one of Moscow surgical unit's patients in 2008-2011 were registered.

Mononuclear-phagocyte system plays an important role in natural immunity and nonspecific resistance reactions of the organism against infection. The experimental studies using conventional laboratory animals with uncontrolled microflora have certain limitations to fully appreciate the role of autoflora (microbiota) in both development and functional activity of mononuclear-phagocyte system. In the present review of the author’ systemic studies the value of microbiologically controlled animals (gnotobiotes) showing the multifaceted role of microbial factor on various manifistations of mononuclear-phagocyte system including phagocytic activity of the cells of both ageing aspects and pathology conditions (inflammation, burns), influence on the colonization resistance and barrier function against translocations of microorganisms from the intestines, temperature reactions and other host defense mechanisms to infection are demonstrated. In a complex body defence, activity of both cellular and humoral factors is being stimulated and modulated by microbiotic factor. Gnotobiotic modeling approach is prospective one for modeling and analysis of molecular and cellular mechanisms in an assessment of the «host-microbiota» interactions, evaluating the effectiveness of new probiotic candidates and further microbial control development in the clinical settings.

There is a growing number of evidence linking fetal intrauterine malnutrition, other adverse events or exposures and arterial hypertension during the following life. After important epidemiological studies from many countries, research now focuses on mechanisms of organ dysfunction and on refining the understanding of the interaction between common elements of adverse perinatal conditions and normal development. This review focused  on advances in comprehension of the influence of intrauterine malnutrition on developmental programming of hypertension. Significant decrease in nephrons number was demonstrated as a result of fetal asymmetrical growth restriction syndrome both in human and experimental animal model. The role of malnutrition and dexametasone induced rennin-angiotensin system inhibition in fetal and newborn nephrogenesis is discussed. Recent studies have revealed  important mechanisms of  altered vascular function and structure as well as sympathetic regulation of the cardiovascular system in perinatal hypertension models. Some of adverse effects on nephrogenesis and blood pressure regulation could be reversed by special diet and treatment during first two years of life. While the complexity of the interactions between antenatal and postnatal influences on blood pressure is increasingly recognized, the importance of early postnatal life in modulating developmental programming offers the hope of a critical 1000 days  window of opportunity to reverse programming and prevent or reduce child hypertension.

Review examines the autonomic regulation of thyroid function. Review examines the issues of autonomic regulation of the thyroid gland. Activation of the central α-adrenergic mechanisms increases the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone of pituitary mainly due to the stimulation of its secretion. Dopamine inhibits the secretion of this hormone, acting on D2-receptors tireotropotsitov. Acetylcholine and other cholinomimetics inhibit the functional activity of thyrociteы with the participation of muscarinic receptors. Along the sympathetic and parasympathetic special attention paid to the role of the serotonergic division of vegetative system. Serotonin can inhibit the secretion of thyrotropin by the pituitary gland, but has a direct stimulatory effect on thyrocytes. This stimulatory effect is mediated by the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. In hypothyroidism synthesis and metabolism of serotonin in the brain are slowed down. Depression is accompanied by inhibition of the enzyme activity deiodinase type 2, thereby reducing the concentration of serotonin. Activation of 5-HT1 receptor lead to increased levels of intracellular calcium, causing inhibition of the promoter of calcitonin gene-associated peptide.

In a living organism 72% of energy exchange occur in the visceral organs, which comprise only 5-6% of the total body mass. The remaining energy is spent at the expense of the skin, bones, connective tissues, resting muscles. The level of energy expenditure determines the general physiological state of a human organism, serves for the diagnostics of various diseases, in particular, the diseases of endocrine system, the disruptions of thermoregulation, protein, carbohydrate, and lipometabolism, etc. It should be mentioned that in modern textbooks of physiology, pathophysiology, and biology the problem of energy exchange in humans and animals is given inadequate consideration. Traditionally it occupies only 2-2.5% of the content. Meanwhile, new problems of energy exchange have appeared recently, which almost never were advanced earlier. These are, for example, the reasons and mechanisms of high energy expenditure under conditions of metabolism, the significance of the coefficient of efficiency of a human organism in physiology, special processes previously unknown of the organism heat exchange with the environment, physiological and social components of human energy exchange. There is also a problem of a theoretical possibility of life without energy .