NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: MORPHOLOGIC SPECTRUM AND CELL PROLIFERATION (KI67 INDEX)

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

This review deals with the analysis of up-to-date concepts of different types of human neuroendocrine tumors of the digestive system. It summarizes the information on the specifics of recent histological classifications and criteria of morphological diagnosis accounting histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical parameters. Current issues of the nomenclature as well as various systems of grading and staging are discussed. In the light of these criteria the results of the own research clinical value of the determination of cell proliferation in primary and metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms on the basis of evaluation of the Ki67 antigen expression are also presented.

 

About the authors

V. V. Delektorskaya

N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Researche Centre of RAMS, Moscow, Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: delektorskaya@yandex.ru
PhD, Head of the Histochemistry and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center of RAMS Address: 115478, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway 24; tel.: (499) 324-61-11 Россия

N. E. Kushlinskii

N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Researche Centre of RAMS, Moscow, Russian Federation

Email: biochimia@mtu-net.ru
PhD, Professor, RAMS cor. member, Head of the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center of RAMS Address: 115478, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway 24; tel.: (499) 324-11-59 Россия

References

  1. Anlauf M., Gerlach P., Schott M., Raffel A., Krausch M., Knoefel W.T., Pavel M., Klöppel G. Pathology of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Chirurg. 2011; 82 (7): 567–573.
  2. Caplin M., Yao J.C. An overview of thoracic and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours. In: M. Caplin, J.C. Yao (eds.). Handbook of Gastroenteropancreatic and Thoracic Neuroendocrine Tumours. BioScientifica. 2011. p. 1–9.
  3. Klöppel G., Perren A., Heitz P.U. The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: the WHO classification. Ann. N.-Y. Acad. Sci. 2004; 1014: 13–27.
  4. Klöppel G. Tumour biology and histopathology of neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrin. Metabol. 2007; 21 (1): 15–31.
  5. Modlin I.M., Oberg K., Chung D.C., Jensen R.T., de Herder W.W., Thakker R.V., Caplin M., Delle Fave G., Kaltsas G.A., Krenning E.P., Moss S.F., Nilsson O., Rindi G., Salazar R., Ruszniewski P., Sundin A. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9 (1): 61–72.
  6. Öberg K. Carcinoid tumors: molecular genetics, tumor biology, and update of diagnosis and treatment. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2002; 14: 38–45.
  7. Perren A., Schmitt A., Komminoth P., Pavel M. Classification of gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Radiologe. 2009; 49 (3): 198–205.
  8. Rindi G., Bordi C., Rappel S., La Rosa S,, Stolte M,, Solcia E. Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: pathogenesis, pathology, and behavior. World J. Surg. 1996; 20 (2): 169–172.
  9. Rindi G., Bordi C. Endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract: etiology, molecular pathogenesis and genetics. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2005; 19 (4): 519–534.
  10. Yao J.C., Hassan M., Phan A., Dagohoy C., Leary C., Mares J.E., Abdalla E.K., Fleming J.B., Vauthey J.N., Rashid A., Evans D.B. One hundred years after «carcinoid»: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. Review. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26 (18): 3063–3072.
  11. Kultschizky N. Zur Frage über den Bau des Darmkanals. Archiv für mikroscopische Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte. 1897; 49: 7–35.
  12. Oberndorfer S. Kazinoide tumoren des Dunndarms. Z. Pathol. Frankf. 1907; 1: 426–432.
  13. Soga J. The term «carcinoid» is a misnomer: the evidence based on local invasion. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009; 28: 15.
  14. Öberg K., Jelic S. Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: ESMO clinical recommendation for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2009; 20 (Suppl. 4): 150–153.
  15. Solcia E., Klöppel G., Sobin L. Histological typing of endocrine tumours, 2nd ed. WHO, Berlin: Springer. 2000.
  16. Klöppel G. Classification and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2011; 18: 1–16.
  17. Rindi G., Klöppel G., Alhman H., Caplin M., Couvelard A., de Herder W.W., Erikssson B., Falchetti A., Falconi M., Komminoth P., Körner M., Lopes J.M., McNicol A.M., Nilsson O., Perren A., Scarpa A., Scoazec J.Y., Wiedenmann B.; all other Frascati Consensus Conference participants; European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS). TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch. 2006; 449: 395–401.
  18. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours, Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Digestive System. In: F.T. Bosman, F.T. Carneiro, R.H. Hrubon et al. (eds.). IARC Press: Lyon. France. 2010.
  19. Amador Cano A., García F., Espinoza A., Bezies N,, Herrera E,, De Leija Portilla J. Nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas: Case report and review of the literature. Int. J. Surg. Case Rep. 2013; 4 (2): 225–228.
  20. Krampitz G.W., Norton J.A., Poultsides G.A., Visser B.C., Sun L., Jensen R.T. Lymph nodes and survival in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Arch. Surg. 2012; 147 (9): 820–827.
  21. DeLellis R.A., Shin S.J., Treaba O.D. Chapter 10: Immunohistology of Endocrine Tumors. In: D.J. Dabbs (ed.). Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry: Theranostic and Genomic Applications. 3rd Edition. Elsevier Inc. 2010. P. 291–329.
  22. Mertz H., Vyberg M., Paulsen S.M., Teglbjærg P.S. Immunohistochemical detection of neuroendocrine markers in tumors of the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Appl. Immunohistochem. 1998; 6: 175–180.
  23. Krishna M. Diagnosis of metastatic neoplasms: an immunohistochemical approach. Arch. Patho. Lab. Med. 2010; 134 (2): 207–215.
  24. Kaufmann O., Dietel M. Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in pulmonary and extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas and other neuroendocrine carcinomas of various primary sites. Histopathology. 2000; 36 (5): 415–420.
  25. Leteurtre E. Pathologic diagnostic for a primary of metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. Ann. Pathol. 2011; 31, 5( Suppl.): 79–80.
  26. Marchevsky A.M., Gupta R., Balzer B. Diagnosis of metastatic neoplasms: a clinicopathologic and morphologic approach. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2010; 134 (2): 194–206.
  27. Sagi A., Alexis D., Remotti F., Bhagat G. Usefulness of CDX2 and TTF-1 in differentiating gastrointestinal from pulmonary carcinoids. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2005; 123 (3): 394–404.
  28. Schmitt A.M., Riniker F., Anlauf M. Islet 1 (Isl1) expression is a reliable marker for pancreatic endocrine tumors and their metastases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008; 32 (3): 420–425.
  29. Srivastava A., Hornick J.L. Immunohistochemical staining for CDX-2, PDX-1, NESP-55, and TTF-1 can help distinguish gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors from pancreatic endocrine and pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2009; 33 (4): 626–632.
  30. Dhall D., Mertens R., Bresee C., Parakh R., Wang H.L., Li M., Dhall G., Colquhoun S.D., Ines D., Chung F., Yu R., Nissen N.N., Wolin E. Ki-67 proliferative index predicts progression-free survival of patients with well-differentiated ileal neuroendocrine tumors. Hum. Pathol. 2012; 43 (4): 489–495.
  31. Klimstra D.S., Modlin I.R., Adsay N.V. Chetty R., Deshpande V., Gönen M., Jensen R.T., Kidd M., Kulke M.H., Lloyd R.V., Moran C., Moss S.F., Oberg K., O'Toole D., Rindi G., Robert M.E., Suster S., Tang L.H., Tzen C.Y., Washington M.K., Wiedenmann B., Yao J. Pathology Reporting of Neuroendocrine Tumors: Application of the Delphic Consensus Process to the Development of a Minimum Pathology Data Set. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2010; 3 (4, 3): 300–313.
  32. Oh T.G., Chung M.J., Park J.Y., Bang S.M., Park S.W., Chung J.B., Song S.Y. Prognostic factors and characteristics of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: single center experience. Yonsei. Med. J. 2012; 53 (5): 944–951.
  33. Adsay V. Ki67 labeling index in neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary tract: to count or not to count is not the question, but rather how to count. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2012; 36 (12): 1743–1746.
  34. Boninsegna L., Panzuto F., Partelli S., Capelli P., Delle Fave G., Bettini R., Pederzoli P., Scarpa A., Falconi M. Malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour: lymph node ratio and Ki67 are predictors of recurrence after curative resections. Eur. J. Cancer. 2012; 48 (11): 1608–1615.
  35. Couvelard A., Deschamps L., Ravaud P., Baron G., Sauvanet A., Hentic O., Colnot N., Paradis V., Belghiti J., Bedossa P., Ruszniewski P. Heterogeneity of tumor prognostic markers: a reproducibility study applied to liver metastases of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Mod. Pathol. 2009; 22 (2): 273–281.
  36. Jamali M., Chetty R. Predicting prognosis in gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: an overview and the value of Ki-67 immunostaining. Endocr. Pathol. 2008; 19 (4): 282–288.
  37. Remes S.M., Tuominen V.J., Helin H., Isola J., Arola J. Grading of neuroendocrine tumors with Ki-67 requires high-quality assessment practices. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2012; 36 (9): 1359–1363.
  38. Tang L.H., Gonen M., Hedvat C., Modlin I.M., Klimstra D.S. Objective quantification of the ki67 proliferative index in neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system: a comparison of digital image analysis with manual methods. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2012; 36 (12): 1761–1770.
  39. Panzuto F., Boninsegna L., Fazio N., Campana D., Pia Brizzi M., Capurso G., Scarpa A., De Braud F., Dogliotti L., Tomassetti P., Delle Fave G., Falconi M. Metastatic and locally advanced pancreatic endocrine carcinomas: analysis of factors associated with disease progression. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29 (17): 2372–2377.
  40. Strosberg J., Nasir A., Coppola D., Wick M., Kvols L. Correlation between grade and prognosis in metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Hum. Pathol. 2009; 40 (9): 1262–1268.
  41. Palazzo M., Lombard-Bohas C., Cadiot G., Matysiak-Budnik T., Rebours V., Vullierme M.P., Couvelard A., Hentic O., Ruszniewski P. Ki67 proliferation index, hepatic tumor load, and pretreatment tumor growth predict the antitumoral efficacy of lanreotide in patients with malignant digestive neuroendocrine tumors. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013; 25 (2): 232–238.
  42. Yang Z., Tang L.H., Klimstra D.S. Effect of tumor heterogeneity on the assessment of Ki67 labeling index in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver: implications for prognostic stratification. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2011; 35 (6): 853–860.
  43. Scarpa A., Mantovani W., Capelli P., Beghelli S., Boninsegna L., Bettini R., Panzuto F., Pederzoli P., delle Fave G., Falconi M. Pancreatic endocrine tumors: improved TNM staging and histopathological grading permit a clinically efficient prognostic stratification of patients. Mod. Pathol. 2010; 23 (6): 824–833.
  44. Couvelard A. Ki67 and neuroendocrine tumors. Ann. Pathol. 2011; 31(Suppl. 5): 55–56.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 1970 "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC



This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies