MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN RETIRED AND ACTIVE ELITE ATHLETES

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Regular physical activity over a long period of time increases the output of the cardiovascular system. That leads to development of a normal
(physiological) athlete’s heart. Bradycardia, cardiac hypertrophy, and arterial hypotension are three major characteristics of a normal athlete’s heart. Changes in parameters of cardiovascular system and features of heart remodeling are determined by type, frequency, and duration of a physical activity. Excessive levels of physical activity could result in development of a pathologic athlete’s heart, negatively affect hearts metabolism, and increase the risk of both atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Autopsy studies have shown that atherosclerosis, which leads to development of an ischemic heart disease, is often found in both young and elderly athletes. 56% of sudden deaths in all athletes were due to cardiovascular problems. Reports of ischemic heart disease in athletes of all ages have increased over the past few years. Echocardiographic features and clinical outcomes of stable angina and myocardial infarction in retired professional athletes are not well studied. Further studies are needed to improve diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation in elite athletes with ischemic heart disease.

About the authors

E. E. Achkasov

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Scientific Center of Biomedical Technology, Moscow region

Author for correspondence.
Email: 2215.g23@rambler.ru
PhD, Head of the Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, leading research scientist of the Laboratory of Sports Biomedicine and Extreme states of Research Center of Biomedical Technologies Россия

E. V. Mashkovskii

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation

Email: emash@me.com
postgraduate of the Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Address: 8, Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, RF, 119991; tel.: +7 (499) 248-03-40 Россия

O. T. Bogova

Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow

Email: emash@me.com
PhD, assistant professor of the Department of Clinical geriatrics and Medicosocial Study of RMAPE Россия

Sheryl Wulkan

Morristown Hospital, New Jersey

Email: Sherry.Wulkan@gmail.com
PhD, Chairman of the Medical Committee of the North American Association of Boxing Commissions, Head of the Educational Program «Medicine combat sports» of Morristown Hospital, Chief Physician at Mixed Martial Arts and Muay Thai Sports College of New Jersey США

References

  1. Warburton D.E., Nicol C.W., Bredin S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 2006; 174 (6): 801–809.
  2. Jonas S., Phillips E.M. ACSM’s Exercise is Medicine: A Clinician’s Guide to Exercise Prescription. ACSM. 2009.
  3. Galassetti P., Riddell M.C. Exercise and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Compr. Physiol. 2013; 3 (3): 1309–1336.
  4. Shin J.A., Lee J.H, Kim H.S.,Choi Y.H., Cho J.H., Yoon K.H. Prevention of diabetes: a strategic approach for individual patients. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2012; Suppl. 2: 79–84.
  5. Bermudez D.M., Pories W.J. New technologies for treating obesity. Minerva Endocrinol. 2013; 38 (2): 165–172.
  6. Gorchakova N.A., Gudivok Ya.S., Gunina L.M., Devyatkina T.A., Il'in V.N., Kanyuka A.I. etc. Farmakologiya sporta. Pod red. S.A. Oleinika, L.M. Guninoi, R.D. Seifully [Sport’s Pharmacology. Edited by S.A. Oleinik, L.M. Gunina, R.D. Seifulla]. Kiev, Olimpiiskaya literatura, 2010. 640 p.
  7. Sharkhag Yu., Lellgen G., Kindermann V. Lechebnaya fizkul'tura i sportivnaya meditsina = Physical therapy and sports medicine. 2013; 5: 26–38.
  8. Rubanenko E.P., Butorina A.V. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika = Sports medicine: science and practice. 2012; 3(8): 26–29.
  9. Pavlov V.I., Sharoiko M.V., Ordzhonikidze Z.G. Vestn. aritmologii (Prilozhenie A) = Bulletin of arrhythmology (Appendix A). 2009: 158.
  10. Pavlov V.I., Nikolaev V.V., Ivanova Yu.M., Pachina A.V. Vestn. aritmologii (Prilozhenie A) = Bulletin of arrhythmology (Appendix A). 2010: 94–95.
  11. Pavlov V.I., Nikolaev V.V., Toloknov A.A., Sharoiko M.V. Vestn. aritmologii (Prilozhenie B) = Bulletin of arrhythmology (Appendix B). 2010: 93–94.
  12. Smolenskii A.V., Mikhailova A.V. Nauka i sport: sovremennye tendentsii = Science and sport: current issues. 2013; 1(1): 69–79.
  13. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po dopusku sportsmenov s otkloneniyami so storony serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy k trenirovochno-sorevnovatel'nomu protsessu [Nation Guideline on Admission of Sportsmen with Heart-vascular System Abnormalties to the Training and Competitive Process]. Rats. farmakoter.v kardiol = Rational pharmacology and cardiology. 2011; 6: 2–60.
  14. Biffi A., Pelliccia A., Verdile L., Fernando F., Spataro A., Caselli S., Santini M., Maron B.J. Long-term clinical significance of frequent and complex ventricular tachyarrhythmias in trained athletes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 40: 446–452.
  15. Pluim B.M., Zwinderman A., Laarse A., van der Wall E.E. The athlete’s heart: a meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation. 2000; 101: 336–344.
  16. Maron B.J. Sudden Death in young athletes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 349: 1064–1075.
  17. Ivyanskii S.A., Balykova L.A., Urzyaeva A.N., Shchekina N.V. Nauka i sport: sovremennye tendentsii = Science and sport: current issues. 2013; 1(1): 80–88.
  18. Pavlik G., Major Z., Varga-Pinter B., Jeserich M., Kneffel Z. The athlete’s heart Part I (Review). Acta Physiol. Hung. 2010; 97 (4): 337–353.
  19. Pavlik G., Major Z., Varga-Pinter B., Jeserich M., Kneffel Z. The athlete’s heart. Part II: influencing factors on the athlete’s heart: types of sports and age (Review). Acta Physiol. Hung. 2013; 100 (1): 1–27.
  20. Ivanov G.G., Leshchinskii S.P., Bulanova N.A. Sechenovskii vestnik = Sechenov Bulletin. 2012; 4(10): 21–27.
  21. Smolenskii A.V., Mikhailova A.V., Borisova Yu.A., Belotserkovskii Z.B., Lyubina B.G., Tatarinova A.Yu. Lechebnaya fizkul'tura i sportivnaya meditsina = Physical therapy and sports medicine. 2012; 6: 9–14.
  22. Belotserkovskii Z.B., Lyubina B.G. Serdechnaya deyatel'nost' i funktsional'naya podgotovlennost' u sportsmenov (norma i atipichnye izmereniya v normal'nykh i izmenennykh usloviyakh adaptatsii k fizicheskim nagruzkam) [Heart Activity and Physical Condition of Sportmen (Standard and Atypical Measured Tests ander Normal and Change Conditions of Muscle Loading Adaptation)]. Moscow, Sovetskii sport, 2012. 548 p.
  23. Achkasov E.E., Landyr' A.P. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika = Sports medicine: science and practice. 2012; 2: 38–46.
  24. Pavlov V.I., Ordzhonikidze Z.G. Aktual'nye i nereshennye voprosy sportivnoi kardiologii. Sb. trudov nauch. konf. «Sportivnaya kardiologiya i patofiziologiya krovoobrashcheniya» [Actual and Unsettled Issues of Sport Cardiology. Proceedings of Research Conference “Sport Cardiology and Pathology of Circulation”]. Moscow, 2006. 53 p.
  25. Pavlov V., Ivanova J., Ordgonikidze G. The problem of expressed sinus bradycardia to competitive athletes of pubertate age. Neurocard 2009 — International Symposium on Neurocardiology. Belgrade, Serbia. 2009. 46 p.
  26. Gusev A.V., Kotov Yu.B., Pavlov V.I., Ordzhonikidze Z.G., Esselevich I.A. Informatsionnye tekhnologii i vychislitel'nye sistemy = Information processing technology computing systems. 2007; 1: 49–55.
  27. Ordzhonikidze Z.G., Pavlov V.I. Analiz mikrotsirkulyatsii sportsmena. Sb. mat-lov Nauchnogo kruglogo stola spetsialistov po sportivnoi meditsine [Microcirculation Analysis of Sportsmen. Proceedings of Round-table Conference of Specialists in Sports Medicine]. Malakhovka, MGAFK, 2008. pp. 37–38.
  28. Ordzhonikidze Z.G., Pavlov V.I., Druzhinin A.E., Ivanova Yu.M. Meditsina neotlozhnykh sostoyanii = Emergency medicine. 2008; 1(14): 91–96.
  29. Ordzhonikidze Z.G., Pavlov V.I., Mazerkina I.A., Druzhinin A.E. Klinicheskaya meditsina = Clinical medicine. 2007; 4: 63–65.
  30. Pavlov V.I., Ordzhonikidze Z.G. Problemy i perspektivy razvitiya sportivnoi meditsiny v XXI veke. Sb. trudov konferentsii «Zdorov'e stolitsy» [Problems and Development Tendences of Sports Medicine in 21st Century. Proceedings of Conference “Health of the Capital”]. Moscow, 2007. 186 p.
  31. Landyr' A.P., Achkasov E.E., Dobrovol'skii O.B., Koreshkova L.A. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika = Sports medicine: science and practice. 2012; 1: 32–35.
  32. Corrado D., Biffi A., Basso С., Pelliccia A., Thiene G. 12-lead ECG in the athlete: physiological versus pathological abnormalities. Brit. J. Sports Med. 2009; 43 (9): 669–676.
  33. Plium B.M., Chin J.C., DeRoss A., Doornbos J., Siebelink H.M., Van der Laarse A., Vliegen H.W., Lamerichs R.M., Bruschke A.V., Van der Wall E.E. Cardiac anatomy, function and metabolism in elite cyclist assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Eur. Heart J. 1996; 17: 1271–1278.
  34. Belov Yu.V., Varaksin V.A. Postinfarktnoe remodelirovanie levogo zheludochka serdtsa: ot kontseptsii k khirurgicheskomu lecheniyu [Postinfarction Left Ventricular Remodeling: from Concept to Surgery Treatment]. Moscow, DeNovo, 2002. 194 p.
  35. Puzin S.N., Achkasov E.E., Mashkovskii E.V., Bogova O.T. Mediko-sotsial'naya ekspertiza i reabilitatsiya = Medicosocial study and rehabilitation. 2012; 3: 55–57.
  36. Mashkovskii E.V., Bogova O.T., Achkasov E.E., Sederkhol'm L.A. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika = Sports medicine: science and practice. 2013; 2(11): 41–44.
  37. Galetta F., Rossi M., Franzoni F., Credidio L., Vagheggini G. Atherosclerosis vascular damage in elderly athletes and sedentary people. Angiology. 1997; 48 (7): 623–628.
  38. Sharoiko M.V., Pavlov V.I., Ivanova Yu.M. Vestn. aritmologii (Prilozhenie B) = Bulletin of arrhythmology (Appendix B). 2010: 97–98.
  39. Kroger K., Lehmann N., Rappaport L., Perrey M., Sorokin A., Budde T., Heusch G., Jockel K.H., Thompson P.D., Erbel R., Mohlenkamp S. Carotid and peripheral atherosclerosis in male marathon runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011; 43 (7): 1142–1147.
  40. Aripov M.A., Berezhinskii I.V., Ivashchenko A.A. Ishemicheskoe remodelirovanie levogo zheludochka: metodologicheskie aspekty, voprosy diagnostiki i lecheniya. Pod red. L.A. Bokerii i dr [Ischemic Left Ventricular Remodeling: Methodological Aspects, Problems of Diagnosis and Treatment. Edited by L.A. Bokeriya etc.]. Moscow, 2002. 152 p.
  41. Maron B.J. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an important global disease. Am. J. Med. 2004; 116: 63–65.
  42. Maron B.J., Doerer J.J., Haas T.S., Tierney D.M., Mueller F.O. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009; 119 (8): 1085–1092.
  43. Boitsov S.A, Yakushin S.S., Nikulina N.N., Furmenko G.I., Akinina S.A. Rats. farmakoter.v kardiol = Rational pharmacology and cardiology. 2010; 6(5): 639–644.
  44. Agaptsov S.A. Arkh. byull. Schetnoi palaty = Archive bulletin of the audit chamber. 2013; 3(183): 47–70.
  45. Fizicheskaya kul'tura i sport v SSSR. Bol'shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya T. 24.2. [Physical Culture ans Sports in the USSR. Big Soviet Encyclopedia. Volume 24.2]. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1977. pp. 276–279.
  46. Achkasov E.E., Mashkovskii E.V., Bogova O.T., Puzin S.N., Sultanova O.A. Mediko-sotsial'naya ekspertiza i reabilitatsiya = Medicosocial study and rehabilitation. 2013; 4: 10–14.
  47. Puzin S.N. Achkasov E. E., Bogova O.T., Mashkovskii E.V. Mediko-sotsial'naya ekspertiza i reabilitatsiya = Medicosocial study and rehabilitation. 2012; 3: 55–57.
  48. Lell'gen Kh., Laik D., Khansel' I. Lechebnaya fizkul'tura i sportivnaya meditsina = Physical therapy and sports medicine. 2011; 1: 41–52.
  49. Vasamreddy C.R., Ahmed D., Gluckman T.J., Blumenthal R.S. Cardiovascular disease in athletes. Clin. Sports Med. 2004; 23 (3): 455–471.
  50. Mannaerts H.F.J., van der Heide J.A., Kamp O., Stoel M.G., Twisk J., Visser C.A. Early identification of left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction, assessed by transthoracic 3D echocardiography. Eur. Heart J. 2004; 25 (8): 680–687.
  51. Gosse P., Jullien V., Jarnier P., Lemetayer P., Clementy
  52. J. Echocardiographic definition of left ventricular hypertrophy in the hypertensive: which method of indexation of left ventricular mass? J. Hum. Hypertens. 1999; 13: 505–509.
  53. Brilla C.G., Funck R.C., Rupp H. Lisinopril-mediated regression of myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1388–1393.
  54. Opie L.H., Commerford P.J., Gersh B.J., Pfeffer M.A. Controversies in ventricular remodeling. Lancet. 2006; 367 (9507): 356–367.
  55. Savoye C., Equine O., Tricot O., Nugue O., Segrestin B., Sautiere K., Elkohen M., Pretorian E.M., Taghipour K., Philias A., Aumegeat V., Decoulx E., Ennezat P.V., Bauters C. Left ventricular remodeling after anterior wall acute myocardial infarction in modern clinical practice (from the REmodelageVEntriculaire [REVE] study group). Am. J. Cardiol. 2006; 98: 1144–1149.
  56. Marzilli M., Huqi A. Cardioprotective therapy in Reperfusion injury: lessons from the European Myocardial Infarction Project — Free Radicals (EMIP-FR). Heart Metab. 2010; 46: 35–37.
  57. Yakhontov D.A., Derisheva D.A. Sib. med. zhurn. = Siberian medical journal. 2011; 26(3, app. 2): 130–132.
  58. Vasyuk Yu.A., Kozina A.A., Yushchuk E.N. Serdechnaya nedostatochnost' = Cardiac insufficiency. 2003; 4 (2): 79–80.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 1970 "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC



This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies