The Relationship of Changes in Oral Microbiocenosis and Mucosal Immunity in the Conditions of 14-Day Isolation of a Person in a Hermetic Object with an Artificial Habitat

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Abstract

Background. Changes in the human oral microbiota is an adaptive process. Infections will be particularly manifest in extreme conditions, especially during a long stay in space flight, where the astronaut is exposed to various nonspecific stresses. Aim — the aim of the work is to estimate the complex influence of 14-day isolation conditions of human being in sealed environment on the state of natural barriers of periodontal colonization. Methods. During the experiment 6 volunteer subjects (4 men and 2 women) aged 24 to 45 years old were confined for 14 days to an air-tight space simulating a spaceship capsule. Then from 6 to 18 days after leaving the experiment the experimental group (4 people) received Lactobacillus spp. autoprobiotics once a day on an empty stomach in the morning. During this period the control group (2 persons) took Linex (Lebenin®: Lactobacillus acidophilus (species L. gasseri) — 300 mg, Bifidobacterium infantis — 300 mg, Enterococcus faecium — 300 mg, lactose — 50 mg). Qualitative and quantitative changes of oral microbiota, concentration of immunoglobulins (sIgA, IgA, IgM) and cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-4, INFγ, TNFα) in periodontal samples were recorded. The number of periodontopathogens and regional blood flow in the periodontium under conditions of prolonged confinement and hypokinesia were studied. Results. In comparison with the background period during the time of isolation, a quantitative growth of obligate periodontopathogens was observed in the subjects. This was accompanied by increased levels of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, sIgA) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8). There was an increase in blood flow in the arteriolo- venular part of the microcirculatory channel of periodontal tissues after leaving isolation. Subsequently, there was a tendency to optimize microbiocenosis through the use of probiotic and autoprobiotic agents. Along with this, there was a decrease of anti-inflammatory interleukin IL-4 practically to the initial values on the 18th day.

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About the authors

Vyacheslav K. Ilyin

Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: piton2004@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3896-5003

MD, PhD, Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS

Russian Federation, Moscow

Zoya O. Solovieva

Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: soloviova@imbp.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6159-1313

PhD in Biology, Senior Researcher

Russian Federation, Moscow

Marina P. Rykova

Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: rykova@imbp.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9121-5351
SPIN-code: 4476-6300

MD, PhD, Lead Researcher

Russian Federation, Moscow

Maria A. Skedina

Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: skedina@imbp.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4369-966X

MD, PhD, Lead Researcher

Russian Federation, Moscow

Anna A. Kovaleva

Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: aakovaleva@imbp.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3697-1007
SPIN-code: 1404-2500

Researcher

Russian Federation, Moscow

Andrey M. Nosovskiy

Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: nam@imbp.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2657-2723

MD, PhD, Lead Researcher

Russian Federation, Moscow

Anna S. Sheblaeva

Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: anna@sheblaeva.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4083-9612

Researcher

Russian Federation, Moscow

Victor N. Tsarev

A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry

Email: Nikola777@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3311-0367
SPIN-code: 8180-4941

MD, PhD, Professor

Russian Federation, Moscow

Mikhail S. Podporin

A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry

Email: podporin.mikhail@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6785-0016
SPIN-code: 1937-4996

MD, PhD, Researcher

Russian Federation, Moscow

Olga V. Bystrova

Institute of Analytical Toxicology

Email: olga.v.bystrova@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6829-8147

PhD in Chemical Sciences, Senior Researcher

Russian Federation, Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region

Oksana A. Gizinger

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

Author for correspondence.
Email: OGizinger@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9302-0155
SPIN-code: 7205-1836

PhD in Biology, Professor

Russian Federation, Moscow

Sergey M. Lovtsevich

Institute of Analytical Toxicology

Email: savin.sergei@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8090-5851

MD, PhD, Senior Researcher

Russian Federation, Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region

Daria V. Komissarova

Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: d.komisarova@yandex.ru
SPIN-code: 2800-9048

Researcher

Russian Federation, Moscow

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Supplementary files

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1. Figure 1. Content of Lactobacillus spp. in the oral fluid of the examined according to the results of the study by the MSMM method. Time of sampling: 1 — at the entrance to the experiment; 2 - at the exit from the experiment; 3 — 6 days after the end of the experiment; 4 - 18 days after the end of the experiment. Groups: 0 - participants from 1 to 3; 4 - the fourth participant; 5, 6 - corresponds to the numbers of participants. On the vertical axis - the level of Lactobacillus spp. (105 cfu/ml)

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2. Figure 2 Veillonella spp. in the oral fluid of all participants according to the results of the study by the MSMM method. On the horizontal axis - the timing of sampling: 1 - at the entrance to the experiment; 2 - at the exit from the experiment; 3 - 6 days after the end of the experiment; 4 - 18 days after the end of the experiment. The vertical axis shows the level of Veillonella spp. (105 cfu/ml)

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3. Figure 3 Content of Porphyromonas spp. in the oral fluid of the examined according to the results of the study by the MSMM method. On the horizontal axis - the timing of sampling and groups. Time of sampling: 1 — at the entrance to the experiment; 2 - at the exit from the experiment; 3 - 6 days after the end of the experiment; 4 - 18 days after the end of the experiment. Groups: 0 - participants 2, 3, 5, 6; 1, 4 - the first and fourth participants. The vertical axis shows the level of Porphyromonas spp. (105 cfu/ml)

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4. Figure 4. Content of Candida spp. in the oral fluid of all participants according to the results of the study by the MSMM method. On the horizontal axis - the timing of sampling: 1 - at the entrance to the experiment; 2 - at the exit from the experiment; 3 - 6 days after the end of the experiment; 4 - 18 days after the end of the experiment. On the vertical axis - the level of content of Candida spp. (105 cfu/ml)

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5. Figure 5. The content of Streptococcus mutans in the oral fluid of all participants. On the horizontal axis - the timing of sampling: 1 - at the entrance to the experiment; 2 - at the exit from the experiment; 3 - 6 days after the end of the experiment; 4 - 18 days after the end of the experiment. On the vertical axis - the level of content of Streptococcus mutans (105 CFU / ml)

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6. Figure 6. The content of Enterococcus faecalis in the oral fluid of all participants. On the horizontal axis - the timing of sampling: 1 - at the entrance to the experiment; 2 - at the exit from the experiment; 3 - 6 days after the end of the experiment; 4 - 18 days after the end of the experiment. On the vertical axis - the content of Enterococcus faecalis (105 CFU / ml)

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7. Figure 7. The content of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the oral fluid of all participants. On the horizontal axis - the timing of sampling: 1 - at the entrance to the experiment; 2 - at the exit from the experiment; 3 - 6 days after the end of the experiment; 4 - 18 days after the end of the experiment. On the vertical axis - the level of Staphylococcus epidermidis (105 CFU / ml)

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8. Figure 8. Dynamics of linear (A) and volumetric (B) blood flow velocities in periodontal tissues

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