The Study of the Sense of Smell in Children: Development Prospects

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Abstract

Background. Despite the fact that the study of the olfactory system is still difficult, the detection of dysosmia is promising for the diagnosis of a number of diseases. As a screening method, tests for the identification of various odors can be used. However, similar tests are developed and used for adults. In pediatrics, the use of such methods causes difficulty due to the cognitive and linguistic functions of the child, which are in the stage of development.

Aim — to study olfactory function in children using an identification test.

Methods. A diagnostic prospective study of 30 healthy children with no complaints of decreased olfactory function, living in the middle zone of the Russian Federation, mainly in the Moscow Metropolitan area, aged 11 to 14 y.o. was held. All children underwent a study of olfactory function using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). To control all children, olfactometry was performed using a patented method for assessing the thresholds of olfaction in children, based on the use of various concentrations of aqueous solutions of valerian tincture, ammonia and acetic acid.

Results. In the study of sense of smell with the help of an UPSIT test, hyposmia was detected in 30% of children, which was not confirmed later with the help of a threshold test. At the same time, when presenting some odorants, most of the answers were incorrect.

Conclusions. The use of olfactory tests developed for adults in children does not reflect the real state of the olfactory system. It is required to create kits for the study of the olfactory function specifically for the children’s category of patients.

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About the authors

Irina V. Zelenkova

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery

Email: izelen@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6158-9064
SPIN-code: 9275-0163

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, Moscow

Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University)

Email: leyla.s.namazova@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2209-7531
SPIN-code: 1312-2147

MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

George A. Karkashadze

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery

Email: karkaga@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8540-3858
SPIN-code: 6248-0970

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, Moscow

Svetlana G. Gubanova

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery

Author for correspondence.
Email: svetlanagub@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7649-5933
SPIN-code: 8275-0163

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, Moscow

Viktor A. Gankovskiy

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery

Email: s.slon2012@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4962-6998
SPIN-code: 2745-7739

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, Moscow

Alexader V. Pashkov

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Central State Medical Academy of Department of Presidental Affairs

Email: avpashkov.mail@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3197-2879
SPIN-code: 2779-8496

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

Elena A. Vishneva

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University)

Email: vishneva.e@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7398-0562
SPIN-code: 1109-2810

MD, PhD, Professor

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

Kamilla E. Efendieva

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University)

Email: kamillaef@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0317-2425
SPIN-code: 5773-3901

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

Elena V. Kaytukova

Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University)

Email: sunrise_ok@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8936-3590
SPIN-code: 1272-7036

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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2. Fig. 1. Sample booklet for conducting an olfactory test (translated by distributors)

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3. Fig. 2. Results of olfactometry using the UPSIT test, %

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4. Fig. 3. Responses to the presentation of the odorant "banana", %

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5. Fig. 4. Responses to the presentation of the odorant "lemon", %

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6. Fig. 5. Responses to the presentation of the odorant "pineapple", %

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7. Fig. 6. Responses to the presentation of the odorant "turpentine", %

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8. Fig. 7. Number of children who incorrectly identified the smells of banana, pineapple, lemon and turpentine, n (%)

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