Arctic Stress: Mechanisms and Experimental Models

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Abstract

Human’s stay in the Polar regions results in the development of stress caused by a combination of factors such as low air temperature, hypodynamia, hypoxia, and disruption of the daylight cycle. All this strongly indicates the increased requirements for health protection and prevention of morbidity in the population of the Arctic. The problem is topical of search for optimal biological models of Arctic stress intended for preclinical testing of pharmacological and dietary correction of its consequences. Aim — analysis of literature data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of polar stress, existing methods for its modeling in the experiment, informative biomarkers and prospects for dietary correction. Selection by keywords and analysis of literary sources using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus online resources for the period, mainly, 2010–2022. The reaction to adverse environmental conditions in the Arctic is based on universal mechanisms associated with the excitation of midbrain centers (primarily the hypothalamus) with the development of a subsequent hormonal response from peptide hormones, corticosteroids, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones. The secondary targets of these effects are muscle tissue, endothelium, white and brown adipose tissue, cells of the immune system, in which changes occur aimed at neutralizing external adverse effects. A number of laboratory animal models have been developed to reproduce conditions associated with polar stress, including various types of acute, subacute and chronic cold exposure, as well as its combination with forced physical activity and additional stress factors. Sensitive biomarkers that allow monitoring the severity of polar stress are, firstly, the content of corticosteroids, catecholamines, neuropeptides, micro-RNA (miR-210) in blood plasma, organs and compartments of the brain, expression levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP) in brown adipose tissue, indicators of oxidative stress (lipoperoxide and malondialdehyde content, activity of antioxidant defense enzymes — GPX, GR, SOD, catalase and others), levels of bioantioxidants (vitamin E, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, GSH), cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-33, RANTES, FGF21 and various forms of their receptors, gene expression of signaling molecules (proteinkinases). In the issue of dietary correction of disorders caused by polar stress, the main place is given to the use of dietary antioxidant factors (vitamins E and C, selenium, zinc, coenzyme Q10, cinnamic acids and bioflavonoids). The data available in the world literature form the basis for further study of the molecular mechanisms of polar stress and pathogenetically substantiated methods of its dietary correction.

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.V. Gmoshinski 1, D.B. Nikityuk 1,2

1Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240, Moscow,Russian Federation

2Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation

ARCTIC STRESS: MECHANISMS AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELS

Abstract

Background. Human’s stay in the Polar regions leads to the development of stress caused by a combination of factors such as low air temperature, hypodynamia, hypoxia, and disruption of the daylight cycle. All this strongly indicates the increased requirements for health protection and prevention of morbidity in the population of the Arctic. The problem is topical of search for optimal biological models of "polar stress" intended for preclinical testing of pharmacological and dietary correction of its consequences . Aim: analysis of literature data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of "polar stress", existing methods for its modeling in the experiment, informative biomarkers and prospects for dietary correction. Methods. Selection by keywords and analysis of literary sources using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus online resources for the period, mainly, 2010-2022. Results. The reaction to adverse environmental conditions in the Arctic is based on universal mechanisms associated with the excitation of midbrain centers (primarily the hypothalamus) with the development of a subsequent hormonal response from peptide hormones, corticosteroids, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones. The secondary targets of these effects are muscle tissue, endothelium, white and brown adipose tissue, cells of the immune system, in which changes occur aimed at neutralizing external adverse effects. A number of laboratory animal models have been developed to reproduce conditions associated with "polar stress", including various types of acute, subacute and chronic cold exposure, as well as its combination with forced physical activity and additional stress factors. Sensitive biomarkers that allow monitoring the severity of “polar stress” are, firstly, the content of corticosteroids, catecholamines, neuropeptides, micro-RNA (miR-210) in blood plasma, organs and compartments of the brain, expression levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP) in brown adipose tissue, indicators of oxidative stress (lipoperoxide and malondialdehyde content, activity of antioxidant defense enzymes - GPX, GR, SOD, catalase and others), levels of bioantioxidants (vitamin E, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, GSH), cytokines and chemokines, including Il-1b, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-33, RANTES, FGF21 and various forms of their receptors, gene expression of signaling molecules (proteinkinases). In the issue of dietary correction of disorders caused by polar stress, the main place is given to the use of dietary antioxidant factors (vitamins E and C, selenium, zinc, coenzyme Q10, cinnamic acids and bioflavonoids). Conclusion. The data available in the world literature form the basis for further study of the molecular mechanisms of "polar stress" and pathogenetically substantiated methods of its dietary correction.

Keywords: Arctic, low temperatures, cold-stress reaction, biomarkers, diet therapy.

 

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About the authors

Ivan V. Gmoshinski

Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety

Author for correspondence.
Email: gmosh@ion.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3671-6508

PhD in Biology

Russian Federation, 2/14, Ust’insky proezd, 109240, Moscow

Dmitry B. Nikityuk

Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: mailbox@ion.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4968-4517
SPIN-code: 1236-8210

MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS

Russian Federation, 2/14, Ust’insky proezd, 109240, Moscow; Moscow

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