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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">7807</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn7807</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ КАРДИОЛОГИИ И СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ ХИРУРГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Personalization of Anticoagulant Therapy with Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease Based on Pharmacogenetic Testing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Персонализация антикоагулянтной терапии прямыми оральными антикоагулянтами у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий и хронической болезнью почек на основе фармакогенетического тестирования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-3680</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4525-7556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sychev</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сычев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>rmapo@rmapo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1316-7654</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8409-9521</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Batyukina</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батюкина</surname><given-names>Светлана Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>batyukina.svetlana@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-8225</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3910-6585</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostroumova</surname><given-names>Olga D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Остроумова</surname><given-names>Ольга Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>ostroumova.olga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-4994</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8308-7599</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mirzaev</surname><given-names>Karin B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирзаев</surname><given-names>Карин Бадавиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><email>karin05doc@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5801-3742</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9212-6010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochetkov</surname><given-names>Alexey I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочетков</surname><given-names>Алексей Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент</p></bio><email>ak_info@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-1499</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1727-2158</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdullayev</surname><given-names>Sherzod P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдуллаев</surname><given-names>Шерзод Пардабоевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н.</p></bio><email>abdullaevsp@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5166-7903</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4138-4466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sozaeva</surname><given-names>Zhannet A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Созаева</surname><given-names>Жаннет Алимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>zhannet.sozaeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-5969</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5576-8174</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bochkov</surname><given-names>Pavel O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бочков</surname><given-names>Павел Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Biology, Senior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>bok-of@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2228-8442</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5530-9490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asoskova</surname><given-names>Anastasiia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асоскова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Аssistant</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент</p></bio><email>stasya.asoskova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-5941</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5883-6249</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisenko</surname><given-names>Natalia P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисенко</surname><given-names>Наталья Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>Natalypilipenko3990@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-4169</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2011-6362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ebzeeva</surname><given-names>Elizaveta Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эбзеева</surname><given-names>Елизавета Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент</p></bio><email>veta-veta67@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3091-7904</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2244-0320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyaeva</surname><given-names>Marina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черняева</surname><given-names>Марина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент</p></bio><email>doctor@cherniaeva.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Budgetary Institution of Health “Hospital for War Veterans No. 2” of the Department of Health of Moscow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Госпиталь для ветеранов войн № 2 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-05-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>78</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>120</fpage><lpage>131</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-03-01"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-04-13"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2024-05-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/7807">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/7807</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Background. </italic></bold><italic>Polymorphic variants of the genes encoding these isoenzymes and carrier proteins involved in the pharmacokinetics of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) may alter their function and, therefore, hypothetically may increase the risk of bleeding associated with the use of DOAC. <bold>Aims</bold> — to study the possible relationship between the presence of polymorphic variants of ABCB1 (rs2032582, rs1045642, rs1128503), CYP3A5 (rs776746) and CYP3A4 (rs35599367) genes on the residual equilibrium concentration (C</italic><italic><sub>min,ss </sub></italic><italic>/D) of apixaban, CYP3A isoenzyme activity and bleeding development in patients with AF and CKD C3–C4 stages. <bold>Methods. </bold>The study included 142 patients with AF combined with chronic CKD stages C3 and C4, receiving apixaban therapy, aged 58 to 99 years (median age 84 years). Pharmacogenetic, pharmacokinetic testing and assessment of CYP3A isoenzyme group activity were performed. <bold>Results.</bold> Plasma concentration of apixaban depended on the stage of CKD: a higher level of C</italic><italic><sub>min,ss </sub></italic><italic>/D was observed in patients with CKD stage C4 compared to patients with CKD stage C3a and with CKD stage C3b. When studying the effect of rs1045642 (C3435T) polymorphism of ABCB1 gene on apixaban pharmacokinetics, it was found that carriers of homozygous TT genotype had lower median apixaban concentration in blood compared to carriers of CC and TC genotypes (p = 0.027 and 0.034 respectively). For rs2032582 polymorphism of ABCB1 gene, we recorded that patients with GG genotype had higher C</italic><italic><sub>min,ss </sub></italic><italic>/D level of apixaban compared to GT genotype carriers (p = 0.037). CYP3A metabolic activity was statistically significantly lower (p = 0.036) in the group with a history of bleeding compared with that in patients in the group without a history of bleeding (0.8 (0.5; 1.3) and 1.2 (0.7; 2.1); p = 0.036). CYP3A metabolic activity did not differ between patients with different CYP3A5 (rs776746) and CYP3A4 (rs35599367) polymorphism genotypes. For the rs1045642 polymorphic variant, there were fewer carriers of the heterozygous TC genotype (16 (45.7%) patients) among patients with bleeding during the follow-up period compared to patients with no bleeding (43 (53.1%) patients; p = 0.024). <bold>Conclusions. </bold>The results of the study indicate the presence of an association between genome-wide changes (polymorphic variants of the ABCB1 (rs1045642) and CYP3A5 (rs776746) gene and the presence of apixaban-associated bleeding in patients with AF and CKD stages 3–4. Mechanisms of such an association require further study.</italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование. </italic></bold><italic>Полиморфные варианты генов, кодирующих данные изоферменты и белки-переносчики, участвующие в фармакокинетике прямых оральный антикоагулянтов (ПОАК), способны изменять их функцию и, следовательно, гипотетически могут повышать риск кровотечений, ассоциированных с применением ПОАК. <bold>Цель исследования</bold> — изучение возможной взаимосвязи между наличием полиморфных вариантов генов ABCB1 (rs2032582, rs1045642, rs1128503), CYP3A5 (rs776746) и CYP3A4 (rs35599367) и уровнями остаточной равновесной концентрации (С</italic><italic><sub>min,ss </sub></italic><italic>/D) апиксабана, активностью изофермента CYP3A и развитием кровотечений у пациентов с неклапанной фибрилляцией предсердий (ФП) и хронической болезнью почек (ХБП) С3–С4. <bold>Методы.</bold> В исследование было включено 142 пациента с ФП в сочетании с хронической ХБП стадий С3 и С4, получающие терапию апиксабаном, в возрасте от 58 до 99 лет (медиана возраста — 84 года). Выполнено фармакогенетическое, фармакокинетическое тестирование и оценена активность изоферментной группы CYP3A. <bold>Результаты.</bold> Плазменная концентрация апиксабана зависела от стадии ХБП: более высокий уровень С</italic><italic><sub>min,ss </sub></italic><italic>/</italic><italic>D</italic> <italic>наблюдался у пациентов с ХБП С4 в сравнении с больными ХБП стадий С3а и С3б. При изучении влияния полиморфизма rs1045642 (С3435Т) гена ABCB1 на фармакокинетику апиксабана обнаружено, что у носителей гомозиготного генотипа ТТ медиана концентрации апиксабана в крови была ниже по сравнению с носителями генотипов СС и ТС (р = 0,027 и 0,034 соответственно). Для полиморфизма rs2032582 гена ABCB1 нами зафиксировано, что пациенты с генотипом GG имели более высокий уровень С</italic><italic><sub>min,ss </sub></italic><italic>/D апиксабана по сравнению с носителями генотипа GT (р = 0,037). В группе с наличием кровотечений метаболическая активность CYP3A была статистически значимо меньше (р = 0,036) по сравнению с таковой у пациентов в группе без кровотечений в анамнезе (0,8 (0,5;1,3) и 1,2 (0,7;2,1); р = 0,036). Метаболическая активность CYP3A не отличалась у пациентов с различными генотипами полиморфизма CYP3A5 (rs776746) и CYP3A4 (rs35599367). Для полиморфного варианта rs1045642 среди пациентов с кровотечением за период наблюдения было меньше носителей гетерозиготного генотипа ТС (16 (45,7%) пациентов) по сравнению с пациентами с отсутствием кровотечений (43 (53,1%) пациента; р = 0,024). <bold>Заключение. </bold>Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о наличии взаимосвязи изменений генома (полиморфные варианты гена ABCB1 (rs1045642) и гена CYP3A5 (rs776746)) с наличием кровотечений, ассоциированных с применением апиксабана, у пациентов с ФП и ХБП 3–4-й стадий. Механизмы подобной взаимосвязи требуют дальнейшего изучения.</italic></p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd><kwd>chronic kidney disease</kwd><kwd>anticoagulants</kwd><kwd>apixaban</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>bleeding</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd><kwd>ABCB1</kwd><kwd>CYP3A4</kwd><kwd>CYP3A5</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фибрилляция предсердий</kwd><kwd>хроническая болезнь почек</kwd><kwd>антикоагулянты</kwd><kwd>апиксабан</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>фармакокинетика</kwd><kwd>кровотечения</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd><kwd>ABCB1</kwd><kwd>CYP3A4</kwd><kwd>CYP3A5</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-15-00251</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, et al. 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