Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesAnnals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesВестник Российской академии медицинских наук0869-60472414-3545"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC7110.15690/vramn.v70i1.1231PEDIATRICS: CURRENT ISSUESАКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПЕДИАТРИИROTAVIRUS INFECTION: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, VACCINATIONРОТАВИРУСНАЯ ИНФЕКЦИЯ: ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ, ПАТОЛОГИЯ, ВАКЦИНОПРОФИЛАКТИКАMayanskiiN. A.МаянскийН. А.
Russian Federation

доктор медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторным отделом Научного центра здоровья детей, профессор кафедры аллергологии и клинической иммунологии Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Адрес: 119991, Москва, Ломоносовский пр-т, д. 2, стр. 1, тел.: +7 (499) 134-02-18

mayansky@nczd.ruMayanskiiA. N.МаянскийА. Н.
Russian Federation

доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры микробиологии и иммунологии НижГМА Адрес: 603005, Нижний Новгород, пл. Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1, тел.: +7 (831) 469-79-73

mayansky@gma.nnov.ruKulichenkoT. V.КуличенкоТ. В.

доктор медицинских наук, заведующая отделением неотложной педиатрии Научного центра здоровья детей Адрес: 119991, Москва, Ломоносовский пр-т, д. 2, стр. 1, тел.: +7 (499) 134-30-83

Tkulichenko@yandex.ruScientific Centre of Children Health, Moscow, Russian Federation Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian FederationНаучный центр здоровья детей, Москва, Российская Федерация Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова, Российская ФедерацияState Medical Academy, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russian FederationНижегородская государственная медицинская академия, Российская Федерация28012015701Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii medetsinskikh nauk / Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesВестник Российской академии медицинских наук475507082015Copyright ©; 2015, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLCCopyright ©; 2015, Издательство "Педиатръ"2015"Paediatrician" Publishers LLCИздательство "Педиатръ"https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissionshttps://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/71

Diarrheal infections remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age. The rotavirus holds the leading position among principal diarrheal pathogens that include also norovirus, enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Rotaviruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and are extremely contagious and stable in the environment. This facilitates viral transmission, particularly in children daycare centers and hospitals. Rotavirus infection causes acute gastroenteritis with diarrhea and dehydration of various degrees resulting primarily from destruction of intestinal villus enterocytes with subsequent impairment of the ion transport and absorption. The incidence of rotavirus infection peaks during the winter and spring in countries with temperate climate. Many children have asymptomatic infection that supports rotavirus circulation in the population. Several vaccines have been developed for specific prophylaxis of rotavirus infections and demonstrated protection from severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis and all-cause diarrheal mortality.

Диарея остается ведущей причиной инфекционной заболеваемости и смертности детей младше 5 лет. Среди инфекционных агентов, вызывающих диарею, лидирует ротавирус, наряду с которым основными возбудителями являются норовирус, энтеропатогенная и энтеротоксигенная Escherichia coli. Ротавирусы передаются фекально-оральным путем, характеризуются высокой контагиозностью и устойчивостью во внешней среде, что связано с особенностями строения вирусного капсида, обладающего трехслойной структурой. Это облегчает их передачу, особенно в детских коллективах и лечебных учреждениях. Ротавирусная инфекция (пик заболеваемости в странах с умеренным климатом приходится на зимние и весенние месяцы) протекает в виде острого гастроэнтерита с диареей и разной степенью дегидратации. Патогенез диареи в основном связан с повреждением ворсинок тонкого кишечника, которое приводит к нарушению ионного транспорта и всасывания. У многих детей инфицирование протекает бессимптомно, однако в этом случае вирусы так же выделяются с фекалиями и могут служить источником нового заражения и поддержания циркуляции вируса в популяции. Для специфической профилактики ротавирусной инфекции разработаны вакцины, которые показали свою эффективность для предотвращения тяжелых ротавирусных гастроэнтеритов, а также смертности от диарей любой этиологии.

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