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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">564</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn564</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFECTIOUS DISEASES: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Bacterial Translocation from Intestine: Microbiological, Immunological and Pathophysiological Aspects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Бактериальная транслокация из кишечника: микробиологические, иммунологические и патофизиологические аспекты</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Podoprigora</surname><given-names>Gennadiy Ignat'evich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подопригора</surname><given-names>Геннадий Игнатьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Director of the Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии РНИМУ им. Н.И.Пирогова, директор НИИ цитохимии и молекулярной фармакологии</p></bio><email>gipodoprigora@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kafarskaya</surname><given-names>Lyudmila Ivanovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кафарская</surname><given-names>Людмила Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Microbiology and Virology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой микробиологии и вирусологии РНИМУ им. Н.И.Пирогова</p></bio><email>likmed@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baynov</surname><given-names>Nikolay Alekseevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байнов</surname><given-names>Николай Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor assistance</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии, РНИМУ им. Н.И.Пирогова</p></bio><email>vonib@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkoporov</surname><given-names>Andrey Nikolaevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкопоров</surname><given-names>Андрей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Cheif Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии РНИМУ им. Н.И.Пирогова</p></bio><email>a.shkoporov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ цитохимии и молекулярной фармакологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>640</fpage><lpage>650</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2015-12-06"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2015-12-06"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2017-01-27"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/564">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/564</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Bacterial translocation (BT) is both pathology and physiology phenomenon. In healthy newborns it accompanies the process of establishing the autochthonous intestinal microbiota and the host microbiome. In immunodeficiency it can be an aethio-pathogenetic link and a manifestation of infection or septic complications. The host colonization resistance to exogenous microbic colonizers is provided by gastrointestinal microbiota in concert with complex constitutional and adaptive defense mechanisms. BT may be result of barrier dysfunction and self-purification mechanisms involving the host myeloid cell phagocytic system and opsonins. Dynamic cell humoral response to microbial molecular patterns that occurs on the mucous membranes initiates receptor signaling pathways and cascade of reactions. Their vector and results are largely determined by cross-reactivity between microbiome and the host genome. Enterocyte barriers interacting with microbiota play leading role in providing adaptive, homeostatic and stress host reactivity. Microcirculatory ischemic tissue alterations and inflammatory reactions increase the intestinal barrier permeability and BT. These processes a well as mechanisms for apoptotic cells and bacteria clearance are justified to be of prospective research interest. The inflammatory and related diseases caused by alteration and dysfunction of the intestinal barrier are reasonably considered as diseases of single origin. Maternal microbiota affects the formation of the innate immune system and the microbiota of the newborn, including intestinal commensal translocation during lactation. Deeper understanding of intestinal barrier mechanisms needs complex microbiological, immunological, pathophysiological, etc. investigations using adequate biomodels, including gnotobiotic animals.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Бактериальная транслокация (БТ) из кишечника представляет патологическое и физиологическое явление. БТ наблюдается в процессе установления аутохтонной кишечной микробиоты и микробиома хозяина при взаимодействии с комменсалами, сопровождая естественный иммуногенез, и при патологии (например, иммунодефицитах), представляя этиопатогенетическое звено инфекционного процесса и септических осложнений. Эволюционно выработанные механизмы взаимодействия хозяина и микробиоты, взаимно противоположной направленности, обусловлены инвазионными свойствами микроорганизмов и противостоящими им защитно-барьерными механизмами хозяина. Колонизационная резистентность хозяина, контактирующего с экзогенной микробиотой, обеспечивается комплексом конституциональных и адаптивных механизмов с ведущим участием комменсальной микробиоты. БT в результате дисфунции барьеров контролируется механизмами самоочищения с вовлечением миелоидной клеточной фагоцитарной системы и опсонинов. Возникающая на слизистых оболочках динамично развивающаяся клеточно-гуморальная реакция на молекулярные микробные паттерны инициирует рецепторно-сигнальные и каскадные реакции, вектор и результат которых определяются перекрестным взаимодействием генома и микробиома хозяина. Рассмотрена ультраструктура энтероцитарных барьеров, взаимодействующих с микробиотой (симбионты и патобионты), в обеспечении адаптационно-гомеостатической реактивности хозяина. Обоснованы исследования микроциркуляторного звена в патогенезе ишемических тканевых повреждений и воспаления, повышающих проницаемость кишечного барьера и БТ, а также механизмов очищения от бактерий и апоптотических клеток. Воспалительные и другие заболевания, напрямую связанные с барьерными нарушениями кишечника, обоснованно считаются болезнями кишечного барьера. Материнская микробиота влияет на формирование врожденного иммунитета и микробиоты новорожденного, в том числе путем БТ кишечных комменсалов с грудным молоком. Перспективны комплексные микробиологические, иммунологические, патофизиологические и другие исследования с использованием адекватных биомоделей, включая гнотобиотов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>bacterial translocation</kwd><kwd>intestinal barrier</kwd><kwd>enterocyte</kwd><kwd>monoassociation</kwd><kwd>gnotobiotes</kwd><kwd>gnotobiology</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>бактериальная транслокация</kwd><kwd>кишечный барьер</kwd><kwd>энтероциты</kwd><kwd>моноассоциация</kwd><kwd>гнотобиоты</kwd><kwd>гнотобиология</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Jager S, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. Inflammatory bowel disease: an impaired barrier disease. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2013;398(1):1–12. doi: 10.1007/s00423-012-1030-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Schweinburg FB, Seligman AM, Fine J. 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