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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">323</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn.v67i4.202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENDOCRINOLOGY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ЭНДОКРИНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">PHYLOGENESIS, ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE. DIFFERENCES FROM TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ В ФИЛОГЕНЕЗЕ, ЭТИОЛОГИЯ И ПАТОГЕНЕЗ СИНДРОМА РЕЗИСТЕНТОСТИ К ИНСУЛИНУ. ОТЛИЧИЯ ОТ САХАРНОГО ДИАБЕТА ВТОРОГО ТИПА</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель лаборатории клинической биохимии липидов и липопротеинов ФГБУ «Российский кардиологический научно-производственный комплекс» Минздравсоцразвития России Адрес: 122551, Москва, ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15а Тел.: (495) 414-63-10</p></bio><email>vn_titov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Center, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российский кардиологический научно-производственный комплекс» Минздравсоцразвития России, Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2012-04-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii medetsinskikh nauk / Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</issue-title><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2015-08-07"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2012, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2012, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/323">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/323</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>We believe that etiological factor of insulin resistance is phylogenetically late formation of insulin and its specific functionality, i.e., providing energy substrates for the biological function of locomotion. According to biological subordination, insulin cannot change regulation formed at the early stages of phylogenesis in all cells, including those that become insulin-dependent at the late stages of phylogenesis. This involves a) β</italic><italic>-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria, b) synthesis of С</italic><italic> 16:0 palmitic saturated fatty acid, c) glucose metabolism in pro- and eukaryotes, d) regulation of biochemical reactions in insulin-independent cells, e) humoral effects of mediators at the level of paracrine cell communities which are structural and functional units of all internal organs, and f) hormonal regulation at the entire organism level. Pathogenetic factors of insulin resistance are biochemical and functional disorders occurring in vivo upon activation of biological functions and reactions that formed phylogenetically earlier than insulin. During phylogenesis the insulin system has intrinsically built up over the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondria, early unicellular organisms and paracrine cell communities. Insulin functionally interacts with them all, but it cannot abolish the effects of any phylogenetically earlier humoral mediator. Insulin resistance is a pathophysiological disparity between humoral regulation of metabolism at the level of phylogenetically earlier paracrine cell communities and at the level of phylogenetically late total organism, on the one hand, and successive phylogenetic formation of passive cellular uptake of fatty acids as unesterified fatty acids and later triglycerides, on the other. If insulin resistance results from changes in the primary structure of transport proteins, in glucose storage and cellular insulin reception, it can be referred to as type II diabetes mellitus.</italic></p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Этиологическим фактором резистентности к инсулину мы считаем позднее формирование инсулина на ступенях филогенеза и его узкую функциональную направленность — обеспечение субстратами энергии биологической функции локомоции, только функции движения. Согласно биологической субординации, инсулин не в силах изменить ту регуляцию, которая сформировалось на ранних ступенях филогенеза во всех клетках, в том числе и в инсулинзависимых; таковыми в филогенезе они стали позднее. Это относится а) к механизмам β-окисления жирных кислот в митохондриях; б) синтезу С 16:0 пальмитиновой насыщенной жирной кислоты; в) метаболизму глюкозы у про- и эукариот; г) регуляции биохимических реакций в инсулиннезависимых клетках; д) гуморальному действию медиаторов на уровне паракринных сообществ клеток — структурных и функциональных единиц всех органов и е) гормональной регуляции метаболизма на уровне организма. Патогенетическими факторами резистентности к инсулину являются биохимические и функциональные нарушения, которые происходят </italic><italic>in </italic><italic>vivo при активации биологических функций и биологических реакций, сформировавшихся в филогенезе ранее, чем инсулин. На ступенях филогенеза система инсулина органично надстроилась над регуляторными механизмами митохондрий, ранних одноклеточных и регуляцией в паракринных сообществах клеток.</italic><bold><italic> </italic></bold><italic>Со всеми ними инсулин функционально взаимодействует, однако отменить действие ни одного из филогенетически ранних гуморальных медиаторов не может. Резистентность к инсулину — патофизиологичное функциональное несоответствие гуморальной регуляции метаболизма на уровне филогенетически ранних паракринных сообществ клеток и более позднего организма, а также последовательного становления в филогенезе вначале пассивного поглощения клетками жирных кислот в форме неэтерифицированных жирных кислот и позже — в форме триглицеридов. Резистентность к инсулину, если она обусловлена нарушениями в первичной структуре белков переноса, депонирования глюкозы и рецепции инсулина в клетке — это сахарный диабет второго типа.</italic></p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>insulin</kwd><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>glucose</kwd><kwd>fatty acids</kwd><kwd>phylogenesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инсулин</kwd><kwd>резистентность к инсулину</kwd><kwd>глюкоза</kwd><kwd>жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>филогенез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Balabolkin M.I., Klebanova E.M., Kreminskaya V.M. Lechenie saharnogo diabeta i ego oslozhnenij (ruk. dlya vrachej). M.: OAO «Izd-vo «Medicina». 2005. 512 s.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Majorov A.Yu. Insulinorezistentnost’ v patogeneze saharnogo diabeta 2 tipa. 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