Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesAnnals of the Russian academy of medical sciences0869-60472414-3545"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC26110.15690/vramn.v67i9.400MECHANISMS OF CEREBRAL DAMAGE IN PATIENTS WITH HIV-INFECTIONBelyakovN. A.aidscentr@zdrav.spb.ruMedvedevaS. V.aidscentr@zdrav.spb.ruTrofimovaT. N.Ras-doc@mail.ruRassokhinV. V.aidscentr@zdrav.spb.ruDement'evaN. E.lab.dementeva@mail.ruShelomovS. A.aidscentr@zdrav.spb.ruInstitute of Experimental Medicine of the NorthWest Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg Center for Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Saint-PetersburgN.P. Bechterev Institute of Human Brain, St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg Center for Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Saint-Petersburg1009201267941207082015Copyright © 2012, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC2012<p><em>Mechanisms of HIV transportation through blood-brain barrier, vascular plexus and interaction with cerebral cells having CD-4-receptors, </em><em>СС</em><em>R-5- and CXCR-4-coreceptors were studied. Cerebral damage developed through latent and acute periods also known as HIV-encephalopathy, HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction etc. Cerebral lesions are caused by a variety of chemical agents from pro-inflammatory cytokines to toxic HIV-proteins resulting in development of HIV-dementia through several years. Even early stage of this process revealed significant disturbances of glucose metabolism and evoked potentials EEG alterations which can serve as a marker of HIV-infection. Genetic differences of HIV in blood and spinal liquor with different drug resistance were revealed implying a new approach to therapy development.</em></p><p> </p>HIVbraincognitive dysfunctionpathogenesisВИЧголовной мозгкогнитивные расстройствапатогенез[1. Belyakov N.A., Rozental' V.V., Dement'eva N.E., Vinogradova T.N., Sizova N.V. Modeling and general patterns of circulation subtypes and recombinant forms of HIV. VICh-infektsiya i immunosupressii = HIV infection and immunosuppression. 2012; 2: 7–18.][2. Belyakov N.A. Golovnoi mozg kak mishen' dlya VICh [The brain as a target for HIV]. St. Petersburg, Baltiiskii meditsinskii obrazovatel'nyi tsentr, 2011. 48 p.][3. Dement'eva N.E., Sizova N.V., Lisitsyna Z.N. et al. Analysis of subtypes and drug-resistant HIV variants circulating among HIV-infected patients in St. Petersburg. VICh-infektsiya i immunosupressii – HIV infection and immunosuppression. 2011; 4; 34–43.][4. Rassokhin V.V., Fomina M.Yu., Shcherbuk Yu.A. Nevrologicheskie narusheniya pri VICh-infektsii v kn. Virus immunodefitsita cheloveka — meditsina. Pod red N.A. Belyakova, A.G. Rakhmanovoi [Neurological Disorders in HIV Infection. In: Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Medicine. Edited by N.A. Belyakov, A.G. Rahmanova]. St. Petersburg, Baltiiskii meditsinskii obrazovatel'nyi tsentr, 2010. p. 161–179.][5. Letendre S.L., Ellis R.J., Ances B.M., Mc-Cutchan J.A. Neurologic complications of HIV disease and their treatment. Top HIV Med. 2010; 18: 45–55.][6. Justin C. McArthur, Bruce J. Brew HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: is there ahidden epidemic? AIDS. 2010; 9: 1367–1370.][7. Paul Shapshak, Pandjassarame Kangueance, Robert K. Fujimura, et al. Nevrologicheskie proyavleniya VICh-infektsii. AIDS, russkoe izdanie. 2011; 1: 3–21.][8. Avindra Nath, Janice E. Clements. Eradication of HIV from the brain: reasons for pause. AIDS. 2011; 5: 577–580.][9. Leonova O.N., Stepanova E.V., Fomenkova N.V. et al. Neurological disorders in HIV-infected patients on the experience of palliative medicine. VICh-infektsiya i immunosupressii = HIV infection and immunosuppression. 2010; 2: 62–70.][10. Cathia Soulie´, Slim Fouratia, Sidonie Lambert-Niclota.et al. HIV genetic diversity between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with HIV encephalitis. AIDS. 2010; 15: 2412–2414.][11. Letendre S.L. Central Nervous System Complications in HIV Disease: HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. Topics in Antiviral Medicine. 2011; 4: 137–142.][12. Burdo T.H., Gartner S., Mauger D., et al. Wigdahl B. Region-specific distribution of… Neurovirol. 2004; 10: 7–14.][13. Dunfee R.L., Thomas E.R., Gorry P.R., et al The HIV Env variant N283 enhances macrophage tropism and is associated with brain infection and dementia. Virology. 2007; 367(1): 222–234.][14. Li W., Huang R. Reid J., et al. NMDA receptor activation by HIV-Tat protein is clade dependent. J. Neurosci. 2008; 28: 12190–12198.][15. Samikkannu T., Agudelo M., Gandhi N., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B and C gp120 differentially induce neurotoxin arachidonic acid in human astrocytes: implications for neuroAIDS. J. Neurovirol. 2011; 17(3): 230–238.][16. Gurskaya O.E., Trofimova A.V., Rassokhin V.V. et al. Characteristics of changes in the functional state of the brain in HIV-associated encephalopathy. VICh-infektsiya i immunosupressii – HIV infection and immunosuppression. 2012; 4(1): 82–87.][17. Trofimova T.N., Belyakov N.A., Trofimova A.V., Shcherbuk Yu.A. General features of radiation diagnosis of HIV-associated brain lesions. VICh-infektsiya i immunosupressii = HIV infection and immunosuppression. 2010; 2(1): 51–60.][18. Alan Winston, Lucy Garvey, Caroline A. Sabin. Uluchshenie neirokognitivnoi funktsii zavisit ot proniknoveniya preparatov v TsNS tol'ko pri ispol'zovanii skhem, vklyuchayushchikh bolee trekh antiretrovirusnykh preparatov. AIDS, russkoe izdanie. 2011; 4(2): 228–229.]