Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesAnnals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesВестник Российской академии медицинских наук0869-60472414-3545"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC220910.15690/vramn2209PHYSIOLOGY: CURRENT ISSUESАКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ФИЗИОЛОГИИReview ArticleArctic Stress: Mechanisms and Experimental ModelsПолярный стресс: механизмы и моделирование в экспериментеhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3671-6508GmoshinskiIvan V.ГмошинскийИван Всеволодович
Russian Federation

PhD in Biology

д.б.н.

gmosh@ion.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-45171236-8210NikityukDmitry B.НикитюкДмитрий Борисович
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS

д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН

mailbox@ion.ruFederal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food SafetyФедеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищиI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)25122022040220237764474571309202209122022Copyright ©; 2023, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLCCopyright ©; 2023, Издательство "Педиатръ"2023"Paediatrician" Publishers LLCИздательство "Педиатръ"https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2209

Human’s stay in the Polar regions results in the development of stress caused by a combination of factors such as low air temperature, hypodynamia, hypoxia, and disruption of the daylight cycle. All this strongly indicates the increased requirements for health protection and prevention of morbidity in the population of the Arctic. The problem is topical of search for optimal biological models of Arctic stress intended for preclinical testing of pharmacological and dietary correction of its consequences. Aim — analysis of literature data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of polar stress, existing methods for its modeling in the experiment, informative biomarkers and prospects for dietary correction. Selection by keywords and analysis of literary sources using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus online resources for the period, mainly, 2010–2022. The reaction to adverse environmental conditions in the Arctic is based on universal mechanisms associated with the excitation of midbrain centers (primarily the hypothalamus) with the development of a subsequent hormonal response from peptide hormones, corticosteroids, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones. The secondary targets of these effects are muscle tissue, endothelium, white and brown adipose tissue, cells of the immune system, in which changes occur aimed at neutralizing external adverse effects. A number of laboratory animal models have been developed to reproduce conditions associated with polar stress, including various types of acute, subacute and chronic cold exposure, as well as its combination with forced physical activity and additional stress factors. Sensitive biomarkers that allow monitoring the severity of polar stress are, firstly, the content of corticosteroids, catecholamines, neuropeptides, micro-RNA (miR-210) in blood plasma, organs and compartments of the brain, expression levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP) in brown adipose tissue, indicators of oxidative stress (lipoperoxide and malondialdehyde content, activity of antioxidant defense enzymes — GPX, GR, SOD, catalase and others), levels of bioantioxidants (vitamin E, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, GSH), cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-33, RANTES, FGF21 and various forms of their receptors, gene expression of signaling molecules (proteinkinases). In the issue of dietary correction of disorders caused by polar stress, the main place is given to the use of dietary antioxidant factors (vitamins E and C, selenium, zinc, coenzyme Q10, cinnamic acids and bioflavonoids). The data available in the world literature form the basis for further study of the molecular mechanisms of polar stress and pathogenetically substantiated methods of its dietary correction.

Пребывание человека в полярных регионах сопровождается развитием стресса, вызванного сочетанием пониженной температуры и влажности воздуха, гиподинамии, гипоксии, нарушения нормальной продолжительности светового дня. Это указывает на повышенные требования, предъявляемые к охране здоровья и профилактике заболеваемости населения полярных регионов. Целью обзора является анализ данных научной литературы по вопросу о патофизиологических механизмах полярного стресса, существующих методах его моделирования в эксперименте, информативных биомаркерах и перспективах диетической коррекции. Отбор публикаций для анализа проводили с использованием сетевых ресурсов PubMed, Web of Science и Scopus за период преимущественно 2010–2022 гг. Установлено, что в основе реакции на неблагоприятные условия среды Заполярья лежат универсальные механизмы, связанные с возбуждением центров среднего мозга (в первую очередь гипоталамуса) и сопровождаемые развитием гормонального ответа со стороны пептидных гормонов, кортикостероидов, катехоламинов, тиреоидных гормонов. Вторичными мишенями этих воздействий являются мышечная ткань, эндотелий, белая и бурая жировая ткань, клетки иммунной системы. Для воспроизведения состояний, связанных с полярным стрессом, разработан ряд моделей на лабораторных животных, включая различные виды острого, подострого и хронического холодового воздействия, а также его комбинирование с форсированной физической нагрузкой и дополнительными стрессогенными факторами. Чувствительными биомаркерами полярного стресса являются содержание в плазме крови, органах и отделах головного мозга кортикостероидов, катехоламинов, нейропептидов, микро-РНК, уровни экспрессии разобщающих белков (UCP) в бурой жировой ткани, показатели окислительного стресса, цитокины и хемокины, включая IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-33, RANTES, FGF21 и различные формы их рецепторов, экспрессия генов сигнальных молекул (протеинкиназ). В вопросе диетической коррекции нарушений, вызванных полярным стрессом, основное место уделяется использованию антиоксидантных факторов диеты (витаминов Е и С, селена, цинка, коэнзима Q10, коричных кислот и биофлавоноидов). Таким образом, имеющиеся в мировой литературе данные создают основу для дальнейшего изучения молекулярных механизмов «полярного стресса» и патогенетически обоснованных методов его диетической коррекции.

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