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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18145</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn18145</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ НЕВРОЛОГИИ И НЕЙРОХИРУРГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of NeuN distribution in the layers of the human cerebral cortex in the acute phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности распределения NeuN в слоях коры головного мозга человека в острейшей фазе субарахноидального кровоизлияния</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1735-592X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4022-5096</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyubomudrov</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Любомудров</surname><given-names>Максим Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач</p></bio><email>mlyubomudrov@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1780-9829</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2918-0460</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Babkina</surname><given-names>Anastasiya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабкина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>ababkina@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7890-2597</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubev</surname><given-names>Arkady M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубев</surname><given-names>Аркадий Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>arkadygolubev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3318-796X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4865-8723</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grechko</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гречко</surname><given-names>Андрей Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>avgrechko@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-0118</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8648-3771</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzovlev</surname><given-names>Artem N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузовлев</surname><given-names>Артем Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>artem_kuzovlev@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8880-7364</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5152-6626</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moroz</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мороз</surname><given-names>Виктор Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>vmoroz@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-8944</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2968-7961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sundukov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сундуков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н </p></bio><email>sundukov.1958@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-5315</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5100-0242</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsokolaeva</surname><given-names>Zoya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цоколаева</surname><given-names>Зоя Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н</p></bio><email>tsokolaevazoya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3116-2928</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shigeev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шигеев</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><email>shigeev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5449-8444</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4469-2931</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumeyko</surname><given-names>Denis E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шумейко</surname><given-names>Денис Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач</p></bio><email>d.e.shumeyko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии Минобрнауки России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of the Department of Healthcare of the City of Moscow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>81</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-06"><day>06</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-11-16"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18145">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18145</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Neuronal damage is an important component of the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic stroke, but cellular and molecular markers of neuronal changes during the acute phase of the disease in humans have been poorly studied. One neuronal marker is the nuclear protein NeuN. Opinions on the use of NeuN as a marker of neuronal damage are contradictory. The heterogeneity of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining described in studies under various pathological and physiological conditions creates the basis for studying NeuN as a marker of the functional state of neurons in various diseases. This study aims to identify the distribution patterns of NeuN in the layers of the human cerebral cortex during the acute phase of hemorrhagic stroke. <bold>Aims </bold>— to identify the features of NeuN distribution in the layers of the human cerebral cortex in the acute phase of hemorrhagic stroke. <bold>Methods.</bold> A retrospective analysis of forensic medical examination materials was conducted from February to September 2019 and from January to February 2022. The study included cases in which the causes of death were: 1) non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH group); 2) sudden cardiac death (SCD) or coronary artery disease (CAD) (control group). Standard histological processing was then performed with embedding in paraffin blocks, from which sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Morphological examination of neurons was performed using immunohistochemistry with antibodies to the NeuN protein. Morphometry was performed on micrographs obtained using a scanner. <bold>Results. </bold>16 cases were selected for the IHC study, 10 of which were SAH and 6 were SCD/CHD. In the SAH group there were 5 men and 5 women, median age — 62.5 (57.0–76.5), in all observations SAH was of basal localization. The control group included 3 men and 3 women, median age — 58.5 (46.0–73.2), in all observations the cause of death was sudden coronary death. As a result of comparison of SAH and control groups, the following significant results were obtained: in the first layer, there were more fully stained neurons in the SAH group than in the control group (22.9 ([13.6–46.4) vs. 0 [(0–6.9); p = 0.001); in the third layer, there were more unstained neurons in the SAH group than in the control group (22.7 ([16.8–37.8) vs. 5.4 [(0–9.5); p = 0.005). In the fifth layer, there were more neurons with stained nuclei but unstained cytoplasm in the control group than in the SAH group (42.3 ([28.1–73.6) vs. 22.4 [(8.6–35.8); p = 0.031). <bold>Conclusion. </bold>This study is the first to demonstrate an association between subarachnoid hemorrhage and changes in NeuN staining of neurons in human cerebral cortex. These results confirm that the use of NeuN immunohistochemical staining should not be limited to the detection of intact neurons.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Повреждение нейронов является важным компонентом патогенеза геморрагического инсульта, однако клеточные и молекулярные маркеры изменения нейронов в острейшем периоде заболевания у человека изучены недостаточно. Один из нейрональных маркеров — ядерный белок NeuN. Мнения об использовании NeuN в качестве маркера повреждения нейронов противоречивы. Описанная в литературе гетерогенность иммуногистохимического (ИГХ) окрашивания при различных патологических и физиологических состояниях создает предпосылки для изучения NeuN как маркера функционального состояния нейронов при различных заболеваниях. <bold>Цель исследования </bold>— выявить особенности распределения NeuN в слоях коры головного мозга человека в острейшей фазе геморрагического инсульта. <bold>Методы.</bold> Провели ретроспективный анализ материалов судебно-медицинской экспертизы с февраля по сентябрь 2019 и с января по февраль 2022 г. В исследование включили случаи, в которых причинами смерти являлись: 1) нетравматическое субарахноидальное кровоизлияние (группа САК); 2) внезапная сердечная смерть (ВСС) или ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС) (группа контроля). Далее из готовых блоков изготавливались срезы, которые окрашивали гематоксилином и эозином. Морфологическое исследование нейронов проводилось на полученных с помощью сканера микрофотографиях препаратов, окрашенных ИГХ-методом на NeuN. <bold>Результаты.</bold> Для ИГХ-исследования было отобрано 16 случаев, из которых 10 — САК, 6 — ВСС/ИБС. В группе САК было 5 мужчин и 5 женщин, медиана возраста — 62,5 года (57,0–76,5), во всех наблюдениях САК базальной локализации. В группе контроля было 3 мужчин и 3 женщины, медиана возраста — 58,5 года (46,0–73,2), во всех наблюдениях причиной смерти была внезапная коронарная смерть. При сравнении групп САК и контроля были получены следующие значимые результаты: в первом слое в группе САК полностью окрашенных нейронов больше, чем в группе контроля (22,9 (13,6–46,4) vs. 0 (0–6,9); p = 0,001); в третьем слое неокрашенных нейронов больше в группе САК, чем в группе контроля (22,7 (16,8–37,8) vs. 5,4 (0–9,5); p = 0,005). В пятом слое в группе контроля нейронов с окрашенным ядром, но с неокрашенной цитоплазмой больше, чем в группе САК (42,3 (28,1–73,6) vs. 22,4 (8,6–35,8); p = 0,031). <bold>Заключение. </bold>Представленное исследование впервые продемонстрировало особенности окрашивания NeuN нейронов в слоях коры головного мозга человека при суб-арахноидальном кровоизлиянии. Результаты исследования подтверждают, что применение ИГХ-окрашивания NeuN не следует ограничивать только детекцией неповрежденных нейронов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>brain injuries</kwd><kwd>stroke</kwd><kwd>subarachnoid hemorrhage</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>повреждения мозга</kwd><kwd>инсульт</kwd><kwd>субарахноидальное кровоизлияние</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>нейрональный ядерный антиген NeuN</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-00479-25-00</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Research work No. FGWS-2025-0016 “Morphological substrate of damage to the central nervous system in critical conditions from the standpoint of personalized medicine.”</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">НИР № FGWS-2025-0016 «Морфологический субстрат повреждений центральной нервной системы при критических состояниях с позиций персонализированной медицины».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Claassen J, Park S. 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