<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18139</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn18139</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACOLOGY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ФАРМАКОЛОГИИ И ФАРМАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pharmacogenetics of сlozapine: toward personalized therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фармакогенетика клозапина: путь к персонализации терапевтической резистентности при шизофрении</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-7174</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6783-7981</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sosin</surname><given-names>Dmitriy N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сосин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент</p></bio><email>sosin.dmitriy@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-0786</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5534-2860</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khasanova</surname><given-names>Aiperi K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хасанова</surname><given-names>Айпери Кылычбековна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, psychiatrist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-психиатр</p></bio><email>abdyrahmanova_peri@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2744-2752</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6807-3210</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tuchkova</surname><given-names>Svetlana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тучкова</surname><given-names>Светлана Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Molecular Biologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>молекулярный биолог</p></bio><email>svetlana.tuch1998@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-9130</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4785-2353</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rusanov</surname><given-names>Alexandr S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Русанов</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>alexrus146@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5996-8575</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7896-2034</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bellevich</surname><given-names>Yuri S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беллевич</surname><given-names>Юрий Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, psychiatrist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-психиатр</p></bio><email>urabel121@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-6640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3386-5900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirova</surname><given-names>Anastasia G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Григорьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, psychiatrist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-психиатр</p></bio><email>nast.kirova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-3964</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3009-9162</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mosolov</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мосолов</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>profmosolov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-3680</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4525-7556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sychev</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сычев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Professor of the RAS, Academician of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, профессор РАН, академик РАН</p></bio><email>dmitry.alex.sychev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mental-health Clinic No. 1 named after N.A. Alexeev</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Психиатрическая клиническая больница № 1 им. Н.А. Алексеева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Research Center of Surgery Named after Academician B.V. Petrovsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry — Branch of the Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-исследовательский институт психиатрии — филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии имени В.П. Сербского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>80</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>365</fpage><lpage>375</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-08-10"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18139">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18139</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Clozapine is recognized as the most effective medication for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). However, the use of clozapine in clinical practice remains limited due to challenges related to its efficacy and safety. Pharmacogenetics may help enhance both the effectiveness and safety of its use.</p> <p><bold>Aims </bold>— to analyze the role of polymorphic variants in genes associated with pharmacogenetic factors in the development of adverse reactions and the efficacy of clozapine therapy.</p> <p><bold>Methods.</bold> We conducted a prospective pharmacogenetic study of the efficacy and safety of clozapine in patients with TRS (F20 according to ICD-10). The observation period was 28 ± 3 days. The primary endpoint was the change in the severity of psychopathological symptoms, assessed using the PANSS, CGI-S, and CGI-I scales. Treatment safety was evaluated using the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale. Genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR method.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The study included 61 patient receiving treatment in a psychiatric inpatient facility.<bold> </bold>According to our data, clozapine efficacy was associated with CYP2C9 rs1799853, DRD4 rs1800955, and ABCB1 rs1128503. The final clozapine dose was influenced by ABCB1 rs1045642, rs2032582, and rs1128503. Associations with safety were identified for CYP2D6 rs3892097 and rs1065852; CYP2D6 rs3892097; CYP2C19 rs4244285; CYP2C9 rs1057910; CYP3A4 rs2740574; CYP2C19 rs12248560; ABCB1 rs1045642, rs2032582, and rs1128503; HTR2A rs6313; DRD2 rs1800497 and DRD4 rs1800955.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>Our study revealed considerable interindividual variability in clozapine treatment outcomes among patients with TRS. Polymorphisms CYP2C9 and DRD4 were associated with improvements in negative symptoms, while ABCB1 variants showed the strongest impact, influencing both final clozapine dose and tolerability. Additional associations with CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, HTR2A, and DRD2 were observed for adverse drug reactions such as sedation, weight gain, memory impairment, and depression. These findings highlight the importance of pharmacogenetic profiling in optimizing clozapine therapy, though replication in larger and ethnically diverse cohorts remains necessary.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Клозапин — «золотой стандарт» лечения терапевтической резистентности при шизофрении (ТРШ). Однако его применение в клинической практике по-прежнему ограничено вследствие проблем с эффективностью и безопасностью. Выделение фармакогенетических биомаркеров может значительно облегчить его применение в клинической практике.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — анализ роли полиморфных вариантов генов, ассоциированных с фармакогенетическими факторами при эффективности и безопасности клозапина.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено проспективное фармакогенетическое исследование эффективности и безопасности клозапина у пациентов с ТРШ (F20 по МКБ-10). Продолжительность наблюдения составляли 28 ± 3 дня. Первичной конечной точкой служило изменение тяжести психопатологической симптоматики, оцениваемое по шкалам PANSS, CGI-S и CGI-I. Безопасность терапии оценивалась с помощью шкалы побочных эффектов UKU. Генотипирование выполнялось методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В исследование включен 61 пациент, которые получали лечение в остром психиатрическом стационаре. Эффективность клозапина ассоциирована с полиморфизмами CYP2C9 rs1799853, DRD4 rs1800955 и ABCB1 rs1128503. Конечная (максимальная) доза клозапина зависела от носительства ABCB1 rs1045642, rs2032582 и rs1128503. Выявлены взаимосвязи следующих параметров безопасности: седация, увеличение массы тела, нарушение памяти и депрессивные симптомы с носительством CYP2D6 (rs3892097, rs1065852), CYP2C19 (rs4244285, rs12248560), CYP2C9 (rs1057910), CYP3A4 (rs2740574), ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs2032582, rs1128503), HTR2A (rs6313), DRD2 (rs1800497) и DRD4 (rs1800955).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Наше исследование выявило выраженную межиндивидуальную вариабельность клинического ответа на терапию клозапином у пациентов с ТРШ. Полиморфизмы генов CYP2C9 и DRD4 ассоциировались с улучшением негативных симптомов, тогда как варианты ABCB1 оказывали наибольшее влияние, определяя как конечную дозу клозапина, так и его безопасность. Дополнительные ассоциации с генами CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, HTR2A и DRD2 отмечались в отношении побочных эффектов, таких как седация, увеличение массы тела, нарушения памяти и депрессия. Полученные данные подчеркивают значение фармакогенетического профилирования при оптимизации терапии клозапином. Однако необходимы дальнейшие исследования на более крупных и этнически разнообразных выборках.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>clozapine</kwd><kwd>treatment resistant schizophrenia</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>efficacy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>клозапин</kwd><kwd>терапевтическая резистентность при шизофрении</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>эффективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2025-463.075-15-2025-463</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Świtaj P, Anczewska M, Chrostek A, et al. Disability and schizophrenia: A systematic review of experienced psychosocial difficulties. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:193. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-193</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Correll CU, Agid O, Crespo-Facorro B, et al. A Guideline and Checklist for Initiating and Managing Clozapine Treatment in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2022;36(7):659–679. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00932-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Mizuno Y, McCutcheon RA, Brugger SP, et al. Heterogeneity and efficacy of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia with or without treatment resistance: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(4):622–631. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0577-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Хасанова А.К., Коврижных И.В., Мосолов С.Н. Антисуицидальный эффект клозапина (алгоритм назначения и клинического мониторинга) // Современная терапия психических расстройств. — 2023. — № 4. — С. 48–63. [Khasanova AK, Kovrizhnykh IV, Mosolov SN. Antisuicidal effect of clozapine (prescribing algorithm and clinical monitoring). Sovrem ter psih rasstrojstv [Current Therapy of Mental Disorders]. 2023;4:48–63. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.21265/PSYPH.2023.31.74.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, et al. Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(5):385–392. doi: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.177261</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Correll CU, Solmi M, Croatto G, et al. Mortality in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of relative risk and aggravating or attenuating factors. World Psychiatry. 2022;21(2):248–271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20994</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Seppälä A, Pylvänäinen J, Lehtiniemi H, et al. Predictors of response to pharmacological treatments in treatment-resistant schizophrenia — a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2021;236:123–134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.08.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Baptista T, Serrano A, Presti APL, et al. Clozapine safety monitoring and related research in psychiatry and neurology in South America: A scoping review. Schizophr Res. 2024;268:29–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.07.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Кирилочев О.О. Осложнения терапии клозапином: актуализация информации // Современная терапия психических расстройств. — 2023. — № 3. — С. 12–20. [Kirilochev OO. Complications of clozapine treatment: update of information. Sovrem. ter. psih. rasstrojstv [Current Therapy of Mental Disorders]. 2023;3:12–20. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.21265/PSYPH.2023.11.37.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Fernandez-Egea E, Flanagan RJ, Taylor D, et al. Mortality associated with clozapine: what is the evidence? Br J Psychiatry. 2024;225(3):357–359. doi: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2024.88</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Khasanova AK, Sosin DN, Mosolov SN, et al. Polymorphisms of the HTR2C Gene as Predictors of Metabolic Disturbances During Clozapine Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2025;14(11):3861. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113861</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Tiihonen J, Tanskanen A, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, et al. Effectiveness of clozapine augmentation with specific doses of other antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis from two nationwide cohorts. World Psychiatry. 2025;24(2):250–259. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21316</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Sangüesa E, Fernández-Egea E, Concha J, et al. Impact of Pharmacogenetic Testing on Clozapine Treatment Efficacy in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Biomedicines. 2024;12(3):597. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030597</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Dean L, Kane M. Clozapine Therapy and CYP Genotype. In: Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, et al. Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 20):22–33;quiz 34–57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Aboraya A, Nasrallah HA. Perspectives on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Use, misuse, drawbacks, and a new alternative for schizophrenia research. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2016;28(2):125–131.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Khan A, Khan SR, Shankles EB, et al. Relative sensitivity of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression rating scale and the Clinical Global Impressions rating scale in antidepressant clinical trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(6):281–285. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-200211000-00003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Morosini PL, Magliano L, Brambilla L, et al. Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;101(4):323–329.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Schouby Bock M, Nørgaard Van Achter O, Dines D, et al. Clinical validation of the self-reported Glasgow Antipsychotic Side-effect Scale using the clinician-rated UKU side-effect scale as gold standard reference. J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(8):820–828. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120916122</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Naveen M, Patil AN, Pattanaik S, et al. ABCB1 and DRD3 polymorphism as a response predicting biomarker and tool for pharmacogenetically guided clozapine dosing in Asian Indian treatment resistant schizophrenia patients. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;48:101918. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101918</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Albitar O, Harun SN, Sheikh Ghadzi SM. Semi-physiological Pharmacokinetic Model of Clozapine and Norclozapine in Healthy, Non-smoking Volunteers: The Impact of Race and Genetics. CNS Drugs. 2024;38(7):571–581. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-024-01092-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Piatkov I, Caetano D, Assur Y, et al. ABCB1 and ABCC1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in patients treated with clozapine. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2017;10:235–242. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/PGPM.S142314</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Wang Y, Tan X, Chen Z, et al. Association between the rs6313 polymorphism in the 5-HTR2A gene and the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):682. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05165-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Park SI, Kim S, Park K, et al. Predictors of clozapine concentration and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. PLoS One. 2025;20(3):e0319037. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Rajagopal VM, Rajkumar AP, Jacob KS, et al. Gene-gene interaction between DRD4 and COMT modulates clinical response to clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2018;28(1):31–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0000000000000314</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Leung JG, Zhang L, Markota M, et al. A systematic review of clozapine‐associated inflammation and related monitoring. Pharmacotherapy. 2023;43(12):1364–1396. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2887</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Lesche D, Mostafa S, Everall I, et al. Impact of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 genotype- and phenoconversion-predicted enzyme activity on clozapine exposure and symptom severity. Pharmacogenomics J. 2020;20(2):192–201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-019-0108-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Amin ML. P-glycoprotein Inhibition for Optimal Drug Delivery. Drug Target Insights. 2013;7:27–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.4137/DTI.S12519</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Su J, Leerkes EM, Augustine ME. DRD4 interacts with adverse life events in predicting maternal sensitivity via emotion regulation. J Fam Psychol. 2018;32(6):783–792. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000454</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Horton CL. The neurocognition of dreaming: key questions and foci. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2023;7(5):477–486. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20230099</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Morrison PD, Jauhar S, Young AH. The mechanism of action of clozapine. J Psychopharmacol. 2025;39(4):297–300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251319458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>López-Echeverri YP, Cardona-Londoño KJ, Garcia-Aguirre JF, et al. Effects of serotonin transporter and receptor polymorphisms on depression. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed). 2023;52(2):130–138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcpeng.2021.07.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Li M, Wang H, Li J, et al. Peer victimization, depression, and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: the moderating role of the 5-HTR2A gene rs6313 polymorphism. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022;16(1):108. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00532-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Stahl SM, Grady MM, Muntner N. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology : Prescriber’s Guide. Cambridge University Press; 2021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Sachau J, Bruckmueller H, Gierthmühlen J, et al. The serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) rs6313 variant is associated with higher ongoing pain and signs of central sensitization in neuropathic pain patients. Eur J Pain. 2021;25(3):595–611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1696</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Grover S, Sahoo S. Clozapine induced akathisia: A case report and review of the evidence. Indian J Pharmacol. 2015;47(2):234–235. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.153441</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Gerolymos C, Barazer R, Yon D.K, et al. Drug Efficacy in the Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Akathisia. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(3):e241527. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.1527</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Kandra K. Aripiprazole- and Lurasidone-Induced Akathisia: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus. 2025;17(9):e92704. doi: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.92704</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Wu H, Siafis S, Wang D, et al. Antipsychotic-induced akathisia in adults with acute schizophrenia: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;72:40–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.03.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>D’Souza RS, Aslam SP, Hooten WM. Extrapyramidal Side Effects. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Patel J, Marwaha R. Akathisia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
