<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18129</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn18129</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ КАРДИОЛОГИИ И СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ ХИРУРГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and cost effectiveness of coronary angiography for the primary diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease with low and moderate pretest probability</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинико-экономическая эффективность коронарной ангиографии для первичной диагностики обструктивной ишемической болезни сердца при низкой и умеренной предтестовой вероятности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2111-0765</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5777-8873</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudaev</surname><given-names>Yuriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудаев</surname><given-names>Юрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>kudaev51@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9579-061X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3245-9718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokhovinina</surname><given-names>Natalya L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лоховинина</surname><given-names>Наталья Львовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>lokhovinina_nl@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-327X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6978-3167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abesadze</surname><given-names>Inga T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абесадзе</surname><given-names>Инга Тенгизовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н. </p></bio><email>abesadze_it@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-655X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1333-9129</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alugishvili</surname><given-names>Marianna Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алугишвили</surname><given-names>Марианна Захариевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>alugishvili_mz@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-7740</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4662-6333</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klokova</surname><given-names>Elena S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клокова</surname><given-names>Елена Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>el-se-k@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3356-3873</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5103-6363</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panov</surname><given-names>Aleksey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панов</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>panov_av@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>80</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>420</fpage><lpage>428</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-23"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-09-17"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18129">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18129</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> The detection rate of obstructive changes in the coronary arteries in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) during invasive examination remains low, resulting in an unjustified increase in the burden on healthcare facilities. A study of the clinical and cost effectiveness of strategies for the primary diagnosis of CAD determines the prospects for optimizing patient routing processes and reducing costs in the healthcare system.</p> <p><bold>Aims</bold> — to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of invasive coronary angiography (ICA) in patients with suspected obstructive CAD.</p> <p><bold>Methods.</bold> The retrospective study included 620 patients with low and moderate pretest probability (PTP) of CAD aged ≥ 18 years who underwent elective ICA at the Almazov National Medical Research Centrе from January to May 2025. According to the results of ICA, CAD was considered obstructive if coronary artery stenosis ≥ 50% was detected. To carry out economic calculations based on the results of ICA, two groups of patients were formed. The first group consisted of 335 patients with obstructive CAD, and the second group consisted of 285 patients without obstructive changes in the coronary arteries. Direct medical costs for inpatient ICA were calculated. The potential costs of a diagnostic strategy using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) were assessed as a comparison method. Cost effectiveness analysis was performed using the tariff method of cost estimation and the cost minimization method.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The clinical effectiveness of ICA in the examined cohort of patients with suspected CAD was 54%. Myocardial revascularization was performed in 38.1% of cases. An invasive strategy for the primary diagnosis of CAD is less effective than CCTA. Using a noninvasive approach, cost savings reach 17.7% of the total cost of ICA.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>In real clinical practice, the detection rate of obstructive CAD remains low during routine invasive examination. This study demonstrates the lack of cost effectiveness of the invasive approach in patients with suspected CAD. Non-invasive CCTA in low and moderate PTP of obstructive CAD may be a promising tool for optimizing the clinical and cost effectiveness of algorithms for verifying coronary atherosclerosis by reducing the number of ICA and increasing its diagnostic value.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Частота выявления обструктивных изменений коронарных артерий (КА) у пациентов с подозрением на ишемическую болезнь сердца (ИБС) при инвазивном обследовании в настоящее время остается невысокой, что приводит к неоправданному росту нагрузки на ресурсы лечебных учреждений. Изучение клинико-экономической эффективности стратегий первичной диагностики ИБС определяет перспективы оптимизации процессов маршрутизации больных и сокращения расходов системы здравоохранения.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — оценка клинической и экономической эффективности инвазивной коронарной ангиографии (КАГ) у пациентов с подозрением на обструктивную ИБС.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Проведен ретроспективный анализ данных историй болезни 620 последовательно включенных больных с низкой и умеренной предтестовой вероятностью (ПТВ) ИБС в возрасте ≥ 18 лет, госпитализированных для плановой КАГ в ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова» с 9 января по 30 мая 2025 г.<bold> </bold>Обструктивной считали ИБС при выявлении стеноза КА ≥ 50%. Для осуществления экономических расчетов на основе результатов КАГ сформированы две группы пациентов. Первую группу составили 335 больных с обструктивной ИБС, вторую — 285 пациентов без обструктивных изменений КА. Рассчитаны прямые медицинские затраты, связанные с выполнением КАГ в стационарных условиях. В качестве метода сравнения оценивались возможные затраты на диагностическую стратегию с применением компьютерно-томографической коронарной ангиографии (КТ-КАГ) в исследуемой когорте больных. Анализ экономической эффективности проводился с использованием тарифного метода оценки затрат и метода минимизации стоимости.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Клиническая эффективность КАГ в обследованной когорте пациентов с подозрением на ИБС, определяемая как выполнение инвазивного тестирования у лиц с обструктивным поражением КА, составила 54%. Реваскуляризация миокарда выполнена в 38,1% случаев. С экономической точки зрения инвазивная стратегия при первичной диагностике ИБС менее эффективна по сравнению с КТ-КАГ. Показатель разницы затрат при использовании неинвазивного подхода достигает 17,7% общей суммы затрат на проведение КАГ.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>В реальной клинической практике при плановом инвазивном обследовании сохраняется невысокий уровень выявляемости обструктивной ИБС. Данное исследование свидетельствует о недостаточной экономической эффективности инвазивного подхода у пациентов с подозрением на ИБС. Неинвазивная КТ-КАГ при низкой и умеренной ПТВ обструктивной ИБС может служить перспективным инструментом оптимизации клинико-экономической эффективности алгоритмов верификации коронарного атеросклероза за счет сокращения числа КАГ и повышения ее диагностической ценности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diagnostic strategy</kwd><kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd><kwd>coronary angiography</kwd><kwd>direct medical costs</kwd><kwd>effectiveness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диагностическая стратегия</kwd><kwd>ишемическая болезнь сердца</kwd><kwd>коронарная ангиография</kwd><kwd>прямые медицинские затраты</kwd><kwd>эффективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Yan W, Hua Y. Trends in deaths and disability-adjusted life-years of ischemic heart disease attributable to high body-mass index worldwide, 1990–2019. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2024;24(1):482. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-024-04136-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Окладников С.М., Никитина С.Ю., Андреев Е.М., и др. Демографический ежегодник России. 2023: стат. сб. — М.: Росстат, 2023. — С. 256. [Okladnikov SM, Nikitina SYu, Andreev EM, et al. The Demographic Yearbook of Russia. 2023: Statistical Handbook. Moscow: Rosstat; 2023. P. 256. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Окладников С.М., Никитина С.Ю., Александрова Г.А., и др. Здравоохранение в России. 2023: стат. сб. — М.: Росстат, 2023. — С. 179. [Okladnikov SM, Nikitina SYu, Alexandrova GA, et al. Healthcare in Russia. 2023: Statistical Handbook. Moscow: Rosstat; 2023. P. 179. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Концевая А.В., Муканеева Д.К., Игнатьева В.И., и др. Экономика профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в Российской Федерации // Российский кардиологический журнал. — 2023. — Т. 28. — № 9. — С. 19–26. [Kontsevaya AV, Mukaneeva DK, Ignatieva VI, et al. Economics of cardiovascular prevention in the Russian Federation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2023;28(9):19–26. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5521</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407–477. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Nissen L, Winther S, Schmidt M, et al. Implementation of coronary computed tomography angiography as nationally recommended first-line test in patients with suspected chronic coronary syndrome: impact on the use of invasive coronary angiography and revascularization. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21(12):1353–1362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa197</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Becker LM, Peper J, Verhappen BJLA, et al. Real world impact of added FFR-CT to coronary CT angiography on clinical decision-making and patient prognosis — IMPACT FFR study. Eur Radiol. 2023;33(8):5465–5475. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-09517-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Барбараш О.Л., Карпов Ю.А., Панов А.В., и др. Стабильная ишемическая болезнь сердца. Клинические рекомендации 2024 // Российский кардиологический журнал. — 2024. — Т. 29. — № 9. — С. 6110. [Barbarash OL, Karpov YuA, Panov AV, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Stable coronary artery disease. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2024;29(9):6110. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Vrints C, Andreotti F, Koskinas KC, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(36):3415–3537. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae177</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Cury RC, Leipsic J, Abbara S, et al. CAD-RADS™ 2.0 — 2022 Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System: An Expert Consensus Document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American College of Radiology (ACR), and the North America Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2022;16(6):536–557. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2022.07.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Burch RA, Siddiqui TA, Tou LC, et al. The Cost Effectiveness of Coronary CT Angiography and the Effective Utilization of CT-Fractional Flow Reserve in the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2023;10(1):25. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10010025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Yang J, Shan D, Wang X, et al. On-Site Computed Tomography-Derived Fractional Flow Reserve to Guide Management of Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The TARGET Randomized Trial. Circulation. 2023;147(18):1369–1381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.063996</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Driessen RS, Danad I, Stuijfzand WJ, et al. Comparison of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography, Fractional Flow Reserve, and Perfusion Imaging for Ischemia Diagnosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(2):161–173. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.056</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Haase R, Schlattmann P, Gueret P, et al. Diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease using computed tomography angiography in patients with stable chest pain depending on clinical probability and in clinically important subgroups: meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMJ. 2019;365:l1945. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1945</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Nederland Z. Verbetersignalement Pijn op de borst (verdenking) stabiele angina pectoris. 2018. Available from: https://www. zorginstituutnederland.nl/binaries/zinl/documenten/ rapport/2018/01/31/zinnige-zorgverbetersignalement-%E2%80%98pijn-op-de-borst%E2%80%99/Rapport+pijn +op+de+borst.pdf (accessed: 22.01.2024).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Patel MR, Calhoon JH, Dehmer GJ, et al. ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS 2017 Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Nucl Cardiol. 2017;24(5):1759–1792. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-017-0917-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Choi BG, Park JY, Rha SW, et al. Pre-test probability for coronary artery disease in patients with chest pain based on machine learning techniques. Int J Cardiol. 2023;385:85–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.05.041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Gonçalves M, Roque D, de Araújo Gonçalves P, et al. Temporal trends in referral patterns for invasive coronary angiography — a multicenter 10-year analysis. Coron Artery Dis. 2021;32(3):224–230. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000951</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Neglia D, Liga R, Gimelli A, et al. Use of cardiac imaging in chronic coronary syndromes: the EURECA Imaging registry. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(2):142–158. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac640</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Симонян М.А., Калюта Т.Ю., Генкал Е.Н., и др. Предтестовая вероятность ишемической болезни сердца как фактор оптимизации инвазивной диагностики в реальной клинической практике // Российский кардиологический журнал. — 2022. — Т. 27. — № 1. — С. 4765. [Simonyan MA, Kalyuta TYu, Genkal EN, et al. Pretest probability of coronary artery disease as a factor for optimizing invasive diagnostics in routine clinical practice. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2022;27(1):4765. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2022-4765</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Iwata K, Ogasawara K. Assessment of the Efficiency of Non-Invasive Diagnostic Imaging Modalities for Detecting Myocardial Ischemia in Patients Suspected of Having Stable Angina. Healthcare (Basel). 2022;11(1):23. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Boerhout CKM, Feenstra RGT, Somsen GA, et al. Coronary computed tomographic angiography as gatekeeper for new-onset stable angina. Neth Heart J. 2021;29(11):551–556. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-021-01639-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Chang HJ, Lin FY, Gebow D, et al. Selective Referral Using CCTA Versus Direct Referral for Individuals Referred to Invasive Coronary Angiography for Suspected CAD: A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(7Pt2):1303–1312. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.09.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Douglas PS, Nanna MG, Kelsey MD, et al. Comparison of an Initial Risk-Based Testing Strategy vs Usual Testing in Stable Symptomatic Patients With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease: The PRECISE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2023;8(10):904–914. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2023.2595</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Weir-McCall JR, Williams MC, Shah ASV, et al. National Trends in Coronary Artery Disease Imaging: Associations with Health Care Outcomes and Costs. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16(5):659–671. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.10.022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Першина Е.С., Шилова А.С., Нестеров А.П., и др. Клиническая и экономическая эффективность методов КТ-ангиографии пациентов среднего риска с ОКС без элевации сегмента ST в приемном отделении // Кардиология. — 2024. — Т. 64. — № 6. — С. 12–21. [Pershina ES, Shilova AS, Nesterov AP, et al. Clinical and Economic Effectiveness of CT Angiography Methods in the Emergency Department for Intermediate-Risk Patients with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. Kardiologiia. 2024;64(6):12–21. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2024.6.n2629</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Stocker TJ, Leipsic J, Chen MY, et al. Influence of Heart Rate on Image Quality and Radiation Dose Exposure in Coronary CT Angiography. Radiology. 2021;300(3):701–703. doi: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021210245</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
