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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18123</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn18123</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ФАРМАКОЛОГИИ И ФАРМАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prospective study of pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline in patients with drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проспективное исследование фармакогенетики и фармакокинетики бедаквилина у больных лекарственно-устойчивым туберкулезом легких</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-9275</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8372-1666</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ergeshov</surname><given-names>Atadzhan E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эргешов</surname><given-names>Атаджан Эргешович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>cniit@ctri.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0032-0341</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9388-8926</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhlov</surname><given-names>Alexander L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохлов</surname><given-names>Александр Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>rector@ysmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7061-6024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><email>Yrzahan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-3804</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6006-6732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komissarova</surname><given-names>Oksana G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комиссарова</surname><given-names>Оксана Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент</p></bio><email>oksana.komissarova.72@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-7940</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7088-5717</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chumovatov</surname><given-names>Nikita V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чумоватов</surname><given-names>Никита Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>necro5412@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6608-7557</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2237-1265</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremeev</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремеев</surname><given-names>Владимир Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><email>yeremeev56@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-7932</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7436-4454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shepelkova</surname><given-names>Galina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шепелькова</surname><given-names>Галина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><email>shepelkovag@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4247-9758</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5504-9505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Algaizina</surname><given-names>Valentina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алгазина</surname><given-names>Валентина Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач</p></bio><email>algazina_valya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-5514</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1695-1280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романов</surname><given-names>Владимир Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>romanov-vladimir-vik@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1817-0844</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4171-3871</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Turenko</surname><given-names>Vladislav N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Туренко</surname><given-names>Владислав Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Research Associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с.</p></bio><email>vladislav.turenko.n@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-6682</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5747-7990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Валерий Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Pharmacy, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.фарм.н., профессор</p></bio><email>vall@mail.mipt.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central TB Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Yaroslavl State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ярославский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center — Institute of Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>81</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-05"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-02"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-11-16"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18123">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18123</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Among the factors contributing to unsuccessful treatment outcomes in patients with drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis-particularly multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)-considerable importance is attributed to interindividual variability in pharmacological response, which is largely determined by patients’ genetic characteristics. Recent advances in MDR-TB chemotherapy are closely associated with the introduction of bedaquiline. Bedaquiline is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4; however, the impact of CYP3A4 gene polymorphisms on bedaquiline pharmacokinetics and treatment efficacy in patients with drug-resistant TB remains insufficiently studied. Personalized therapy based on a patient’s genetic profile represents a key strategy for optimizing dosing regimens, improving treatment efficacy, and reducing the risk of developing further drug resistance. <bold>Aims </bold>—<bold> </bold>to evaluate the influence of CYP3A4 polymorphic alleles (*1B/rs2740574 and *1G/rs2242480) on bedaquiline pharmacokinetic parameters and chemotherapy efficacy in patients with drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, including those with MDR-TB. <bold>Methods.</bold> A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted involving 143 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and confirmed drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (including MDR, pre-XDR, and XDR-TB) treated at the Central TB Research Institute (CTRIT), Russia, between 2022 and 2024 (66 women and 77 men). Three observation groups were formed based on genotype: Group 1 — wild-type CYP3A4*1 (n = 99); Group 2 — *1B (rs2740574) carriers (n = 10); Group 3 — *1G (rs2242480) carriers (n = 34). Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Bedaquiline was administered as part of individualized chemotherapy regimens at a dose of 400 mg once daily for 2 weeks, followed by 200 mg three times weekly for up to 6 months. Bedaquiline pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed in 30 patients using high-performance liquid chromatography. Treatment efficacy was evaluated based on sputum culture conversion by month 6. Statistical analysis employed nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests for group comparisons. <bold>Results.</bold> Patients carrying the CYP3A4 *1G (rs2242480) allele showed significantly higher bedaquiline exposure compared to wild-type individuals: AUC₀<sub>–</sub>₂₄ (49.06 vs. 41.99 µg·h/mL; p &lt; 0.05), C<sub>max</sub> (3.13 vs. 2.21 µg/mL; p &lt; 0.05), and AUC₀<sub>–</sub>₂₄/MIC ratio (196.24 vs. 167.94; p &lt; 0.05), suggesting reduced metabolic clearance. In contrast, the *1B variant was associated with lower AUC₀<sub>–</sub>₂₄. Although culture conversion rates at 6 months did not differ significantly (p = 0.87), a trend toward higher efficacy was observed in *1G carriers (95.8%) versus wild-type patients (84.5%). <bold>Conclusion.</bold> The CYP3A4 *1G (rs2242480) polymorphism is associated with decreased bedaquiline metabolism, leading to increased systemic drug exposure and a potential improvement in treatment response. These findings highlight the role of CYP3A4 genetics in bedaquiline pharmacokinetics and support the integration of CYP3A4 genotyping into personalized MDR-TB treatment strategies. The *1G allele may serve as a promising pharmacogenetic biomarker for optimizing bedaquiline dosing in drug-resistant tuberculosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Среди факторов, предопределяющих неудачное лечение больных туберкулезом легких с лекарственной устойчивостью микобактерии туберкулеза (МБТ), в том числе с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя (МЛУ-ТБ), значительная роль отводится вариабельности фармакологического ответа пациента, в значительной степени обусловленного индивидуальными генетическими особенностями. Прогресс в современной химиотерапии МЛУ-ТБ связан с использованием бедаквилина. Метаболизм бедаквилина в основном осуществляется изоферментом CYP3A4, однако влияние полиморфизмов его гена на фармакокинетику препарата и эффективность терапии у пациентов с МЛУ-ТБ изучено недостаточно. Проведение персонализированной терапии, основанной на генетическом профиле пациента, является ключевым направлением для оптимизации дозирования, повышения эффективности и снижения риска формирования резистентности возбудителя. <bold>Цель исследования </bold>—<bold> </bold>оценить влияние полиморфных аллелей гена CYP3A4 (*1B (rs2740574) и *1G (rs2242480)) на фармакокинетические параметры бедаквилина и эффективность химиотерапии у пациентов с лекарственно-устойчивым туберкулезом легких, в том числе с МЛУ возбудителя. <bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено проспективное, обсервационное, когортное исследование, в которое вошли 143 пациента с туберкулезом легких с лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя, включая МЛУ/пре-ШЛУ/ШЛУ-МБТ, проходившие лечение в ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ» в 2022–2024 гг., в том числе 66 женщин и 77 мужчин. Сформированы три группы наблюдения: группа 1 — дикий тип гена CYP3A4*1, n = 99; группа 2 — *1B (rs2740574), n = 10; группа 3 — *1G (rs2242480), n = 34. Генотипирование выполняли методом полимеразной цепной реакции с анализом полиморфизма длин рестрикционных фрагментов (PCR-RFLP). Бедаквилин в составе режимов химиотерапии назначали в дозе 400 мг ежедневно (2 нед), затем — по 200 мг 3 раза/нед до 6 мес. Фармакокинетические параметры бедаквилина определяли у 30 пациентов с использованием высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Эффективность лечения оценивали по прекращению бактериовыделения к 6-му мес терапии. Статистический анализ включал непараметрические критерии Краскела–Уоллиса и Манна–Уитни для сравнения групп. <bold>Результаты. </bold>У пациентов — носителей полиморфизма CYP3A4 1G (rs2242480) были выявлены статистически значимо более высокие показатели ключевых фармакокинетических параметров по сравнению с носителями дикого типа (*1): площадь под кривой AUC₀<sub>–</sub>₂₄ (49,06 против 41,99 мкг·ч/мл; p &lt; 0,05), максимальная концентрация C<sub>max</sub> (3,13 против 2,21 мкг/мл; p &lt; 0,05) и отношение AUC₀<sub>–</sub>₂₄/MIC (196,24 против 167,94; p &lt; 0,05). Полиморфизм *1B ассоциировался с более низкими значениями AUC₀<sub>–</sub>₂₄. Несмотря на отсутствие статистически значимых различий в прекращении бактериовыделения (p = 0,87), наблюдалась тенденция к более высокой эффективности терапии у носителей аллеля *1G (95,8%) по сравнению с группой дикого типа (84,5%). <bold>Заключение.</bold> Полиморфизм CYP3A4 1*G (rs2242480) ассоциирован с более медленным метаболизмом бедаквилина, что приводит к повышенной системной экспозиции препарата и потенциально более высокой эффективности химиотерапии. CYP3A4 1*G (rs2242480) можно рассматривать в качестве перспективного кандидата в фармакогенетические биомаркеры для прогнозирования фармакокинетики бедаквилина и потенциальной эффективности химиотерапии МЛУ-ТБ. Результаты подчеркивают важность персонализированного подхода в терапии МЛУ-ТБ на основе генетического профиля пациента для оптимизации дозирования и повышения эффективности лечения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>drug-resistant tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>bedaquiline</kwd><kwd>pharmacokinetics</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>polymorphism CYP3A4 *1G (rs2242480)</kwd><kwd>treatment efficacy</kwd><kwd>personalized therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лекарственно-устойчивый туберкулез</kwd><kwd>бедаквилин</kwd><kwd>фармакокинетика</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм CYP3A4 *1G (rs2242480)</kwd><kwd>эффективность лечения</kwd><kwd>персонализированная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Васильева И.А., Стерликов С.А., Тестов В.В., и др. 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