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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18023</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn18023</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SURGERY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ХИРУРГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Potential of augmented reality technology in maxillofacial surgery: a literature review and results of clinical application</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Возможности технологии дополненной реальности в челюстно-лицевой хирургии: литературный обзор и результаты клинического применения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5625-1085</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1296-1399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysenko</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысенко</surname><given-names>Анна Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Senior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>lysenko.anna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7700-7724</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7903-8540</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yaremenko</surname><given-names>Andrei I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яременко</surname><given-names>Андрей Ильич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>ayaremenko@me.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-2718</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8738-1873</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Vladimir M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Владимир Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>voliva@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2440-2499</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3559-3318</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Anton Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Антон Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ant.suyr@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-4633</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9206-3829</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokofeva</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокофьева</surname><given-names>Алина Аркадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>prokofevaaalina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт стоматологии и челюстно-лицевой хирургии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University (Pavlov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>80</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>376</fpage><lpage>383</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-09"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-08-10"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18023">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/18023</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>The main characteristics of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies are immersion, presence, and interaction, which are defined by the technology used and individual perception. AR and VR automate processes and assist in areas that require repetitive tasks, particularly in medical education and training, including surgery. Recently, VR and AR have significantly entered the fields of maxillofacial surgery and dentistry, allowing doctors to create 3D models and conduct virtual surgeries, as well as train specialists on virtual models. These new methods require assessment of their usability and accuracy.</p> <p><bold>Aims</bold> — to evaluate the accuracy of our developed augmented reality system for creating surgical access in radicular cysts of the jaws.</p> <p><bold>Methods.</bold> We conducted a clinical comparative study to assess the accuracy of our developed augmented reality system using HoloLens software and Medgital Vision Editor for creating surgical access in radicular cysts of the jaws. Forty patients were selected and divided into three groups: Group 1 (n = 10) consisted of patients operated on using a surgical template; Group 2 (n = 20) consisted of patients operated on using a virtual template and augmented reality (AR); Group 3 (n = 10) consisted of patients operated on using the freehand method. In all three groups, preoperative computer modeling for surgical access, with a diameter of 5 mm, corresponding to a bone trephine, was performed based on CT scans of the jaws and intraoral scanning. Subsequently, all patients underwent surgical access to the cyst using a surgical trephine, followed by cystectomy and closure of the surgical wound. After the surgical intervention, all patients underwent a follow-up CT scan. The obtained CT data (DICOM files) were uploaded into Exoplan 3.0 software. We assessed the differences between the planned preoperative computer modeling and the actual surgical access performed. Furthermore, we analyzed the deviation angles of the formed surgical access and the depth preparation deviations. A statistical analysis of the obtained data was conducted.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The analysis of the angle of deviation of the formed surgical access was 2.82, 2.25, and 9.77 in Groups I, II, and III, respectively. Significant differences were established (p &lt; 0.001; method used — Kruskal–Wallis test). The analysis of the depth preparation deviation showed results of 0.53, 0.73, and 2.38 in Groups I, II, and III, respectively (p &lt; 0.001; method used — Welch’s F-test). The accuracy results of our augmented reality navigation system are comparable to the accuracy achieved with surgical templates and significantly surpass the results obtained with the freehand method.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The accuracy of AR navigation is sufficient for clinical use, but some improvements are necessary.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Основные характеристики технологий дополненной (AR) и виртуальной (VR) реальностей — погружение, присутствие и взаимодействие, определяемые используемой технологией и индивидуальным восприятием. AR и VR автоматизируют процессы и помогают в областях, требующих повторяющихся задач, особенно в медицинском образовании и обучении, включая хирургию. В последнее время VR и AR значимо вошли в челюстно-лицевую хирургию и стоматологию, позволяя врачам создавать 3D-модели и проводить виртуальные операции, а также обучать специалистов на виртуальных моделях. Эти новые методы требуют оценки удобства и точности.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — оценить точность применения разработанной нами системы дополненной реальности для формирования операционного доступа при радикулярных кистах челюстей.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено клиническое сравнительное исследование, чтобы оценить точность применения разработанной системы дополненной реальности с использованием программного обеспечения HoloLens и Medgital Vision Editor для формирования операционного доступа при радикулярных кистах челюстей. Было отобрано 40 пациентов, которые распределены на три группы: группа 1 (n = 10) — пациенты, прооперированные с использованием хирургического шаблона; группа 2 (n = 20) — пациенты, прооперированные с использованием виртуального шаблона и дополненной реальности (AR); группа 3 (n = 10) — пациенты, прооперированные методом свободной руки. Во всех трех группах проводилось предварительное компьютерное моделирование операционного доступа диаметром 5 мм, соответствующее костному трепану, по данным КЛКТ челюстей и интраорального сканирования. Далее всем пациентам выполнялся операционный доступ к кисте с помощью хирургического трепана, завершалось оперативное вмешательство цистэктомией и ушиванием операционной раны. После оперативного вмешательства всем пациентам выполнено контрольное КЛКТ. Полученные данные КЛКТ (файл DICOM) загружались в программное обеспечение Exoplan 3.0. Проводилась оценка разницы между запланированным при предоперационном компьютерном моделировании и выполненным хирургическим доступом. Далее выполнен анализ углов отклонения сформированного операционного доступа, отклонения глубины препарирования. Проведен статистический анализ полученных данных.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Анализ угла отклонения сформированного хирургического доступа составил 2,82; 2,25; 9,77 соответственно в группах 1, 2, 3. В результате сравнения были установлены существенные различия (p &lt; 0,001; используемый метод — критерий Краскела–Уоллиса). Анализ отклонения глубины препарирования составил 0,53; 0,73; 2,38 соответственно в группах 1, 2, 3 (p &lt; 0,001; используемый метод — F-критерий Уэлча). По результатам исследования точность нашей системы навигации на основе технологии AR сопоставима по точности при применении хирургических шаблонов и значительно превосходит результаты, полученные при выполнении вмешательств методом свободной руки.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Точность AR-навигации достаточна для клинического использования, но необходимы некоторые улучшения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>augmented reality</kwd><kwd>jaw cysts</kwd><kwd>computer-assisted surgery</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дополненная реальность</kwd><kwd>кисты челюстей</kwd><kwd>хирургическая навигация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-21-00349</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Yeung AWK, Tosevska A, Klager E, et al. 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