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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1673</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn1673</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFECTIOUS DISEASES: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Risk Factors of Transfer to Mechanical Ventilation of COVID-19 Patients in a Retrospective Non-Randomized Study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Факторы риска перевода больных с COVID-19 на искусственную вентиляцию легких в ретроспективном нерандомизированном исследовании</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9876-9202</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4521-9097</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lakman</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лакман</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr.-Ing., Assoc.Prof. of Biomedical Engineering Department, Head of the Scientific laboratory for the study of social and economic problems of the regions</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры биомедицинской инженерии, заведующий научной лаборатории исследования социально-экономических проблем регионов</p></bio><email>Lackmania@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9927-6626</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7066-0715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Musin</surname><given-names>Timur I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мусин</surname><given-names>Тимур Ильгамович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor of Department of Internal Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>tyrannyah@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4862-9476</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galiullina</surname><given-names>Aliya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галиуллина</surname><given-names>Алия Рамисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>master's student of Biomedical Engineering Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистрант кафедры биомедицинской инженерии</p></bio><email>algaliull244@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-6702</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6427-4345</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bagmanova</surname><given-names>Zilya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Багманова</surname><given-names>Зиля Адибовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor of Department of Internal Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>zilya20641@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6110-0377</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3357-2603</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gumerov</surname><given-names>Ruslan M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гумеров</surname><given-names>Руслан Мансурович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor of Department of Internal Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>rmgumerov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5972-6418</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8816-1568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Davtyan</surname><given-names>Paruir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давтян</surname><given-names>Паруйр Артакович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>resident of Department of Internal Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>davtyanparuir@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7249-3364</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagidullin</surname><given-names>Shamil Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загидуллин</surname><given-names>Шамиль Зарифович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor of Department of Internal Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>проф., доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>zshamil@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0841-3024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5046-3704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>Anton  V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>Антон Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><email>anton.bgmu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8439-8620</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7288-4074</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor of Taxes and Taxation Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, профессор кафедры налогов и налогообложения</p></bio><email>sn9177774405@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2125-4897</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2799-6268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlov</surname><given-names>Valentin N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлов</surname><given-names>Валентин Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, зав. каф. урологии</p></bio><email>pavlov@bashgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7715-302X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2189-3619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Urazbakhtina</surname><given-names>Uilya O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уразбахтина</surname><given-names>Юлия Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры биомедицинской инженерии</p></bio><email>urjuol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6342-4930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cai</surname><given-names>Benzhi</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цай</surname><given-names>Бенджи</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="CN">China</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof., MSc, Department of Pharmacy at The Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology at College of Pharmacy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр, проф. кафедры фармакологии 2-го аффилированного госпиталя и Колледжа фармакологии</p></bio><email>caibz@ems.hrbmu.edu.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-6707</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagidullin</surname><given-names>Naufal S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загидуллин</surname><given-names>Науфаль Шамилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor of Department of Internal Diseases, Professor of Biomedical Engineering Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней, профессор кафедры биомедицинской инженерии</p></bio><email>znaufal@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa State Aviation Technikal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский государственный авиационный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa State Aviation Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский государственный авиационный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Harbin Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Харбинский медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-04-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>77</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-08-28"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-02-13"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2023-04-18"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1673">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1673</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold><bold>. </bold>The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with significant number of complications and mortality and a burden on the healthcare system. In 10–15% of hospitalized patients, the invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV/NIMV) is required. At the same time, it is important to stratify the risk of mechanical ventilation upon admission to the hospital. <bold>Aims</bold> — to identify clinical and laboratory risk factors for transfer to IMV and NIMV in hospitalized patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia. <bold>Methods</bold><bold>. </bold>A retrospective one-center nonrandomized study of 386 consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia was performed. The primary endpoints were IMV (n=22) and NIMV (n=28). Risk factors of artificial ventilation were considered for periods up to 14 and 28 days for both variants. To select a risk predictor, a univariate analysis based on Cox survival regression was performed, followed by multivariate analysis to determine risk factors at these time points. <bold>Results</bold>. After 28 days from admission the mortal exit was registered in 20 patients from 386 patients (5.2%). 22 patients (5.7%) were transferred to IMV, and 28 patients (7.3%) — to NIV, and 9 of the latter were transferred later to IMV. As a result of univariate and multivariate analyzes, the risk factors for transfer to mechanical ventilation on 14<sup>th</sup> day were: age &gt; 65 years (OR=5.91), a history of stroke (OR=17.04), an increased serum level of urea (OR=6.36), LDH (OR=7.39), decreased sodium (OR=12.32), GFR &lt;80 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (OR=13.75) and platelets (OR=4.14); on the 28<sup>th</sup> day — age &gt; 65 years (OR=4.58), J-wave on the ECG (OR=2.98), an increase of LDH (OR=9.99) and a decrease in albumin (OR=2.77) in serum. Predictors of the transfer of patients with COVID-19 to NIV within the period up to 14 days from the beginning of hospitalization were the age &gt; 65 years (OR=5.09), procalcitonin level in the blood &gt; 0.25 ng/ml (OR=0.19), leukocytes &gt; 11×10<sup>9</sup> (OR=19.64) and increased LDH (OR=3.9). <bold>Conclusions</bold><bold>.</bold> In patients with COVID-19, the risk factors for transfer to IMV/NIVL in the period of 14 and 28 days from the beginning of hospitalization were identified, which enable patient’s mechanical ventilation stratification and to plan respiratory support resources.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Пандемия COVID-19 сопровождается значительным количеством осложнений и смертельных исходов, а также представляет значительную нагрузку на систему здравоохранения. При госпитализации пациентов в 10–15% случаев требуется перевод на инвазивную и неинвазивную искусственную вентиляция легких (ИВЛ/НИВЛ). При этом важно стратифицировать риск перевода на вентиляцию легких при поступлении в стационар. <bold>Цель исследования</bold> — выявление клинико-лабораторных факторов риска перевода на ИВЛ и НИВЛ у госпитализированных больных с COVID-19-ассоциированной пневмонией. <bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено ретроспективное исследование 386 последовательно госпитализированных пациентов с COVID-19-ассоциированной пневмонией. Первичными конечными точками были перевод на ИВЛ (n=22) и НИВЛ (n=28). Факторы риска перевода больных на НИВЛ/ИВЛ рассматривались на период до 14-го и 28-го дня для каждого варианта вентиляции. Для отбора предиктора риска был проведен унивариантный анализ на основе регрессии выживаемости Кокса с последующим мультивариантным анализом для определения факторов риска в данных временных точках. <bold>Результат.</bold> Из 386 пациентов смертельный исход через 28 дней после госпитализации был зарегистрирован у 20 (5,2%) пациентов. На ИВЛ были переведены 22 (5,7%) пациента, на НИВЛ — 28 (7,3%) пациентов, причем из последних 9 переводились позже уже на ИВЛ. В результате уни- и мультивариантного анализа факторами риска перевода на ИВЛ до 14-го дня были возраст &gt; 65 лет (ОШ=5,91), инсульт в анамнезе (ОШ=17,04), повышенный уровень мочевины (ОШ=6,36), ЛДГ (ОШ=7,39), снижение уровня натрия (ОШ=12,32), СКФ &lt;80 мл/мин (ОШ=13,75) и тромбоцитов (ОШ=4,14); до 28-го дня — пожилой возраст &gt; 65 лет (ОШ=4,58), зубец Осборна на ЭКГ (ОШ=2,98), повышение лактатдегидрогеназы (ОШ =9,99) и снижение альбумина (ОШ=2,77). Предикторами перевода пациентов с COVID-19 на НИВЛ в период до 14 дней от начала госпитализации стали пожилой возраст пациента (ОШ=5,09), уровень прокальцитонина в крови &gt; 0,25 нг/мл (ОШ=0,19), лейкоцитов &gt; 11×10<sup>9</sup> (ОШ=19,64) и ЛДГ (ОШ=3,9). <bold>Заключение. </bold>У больных с COVID-19 выделены факторы риска перевода на ИВЛ/НИВЛ в период 14 и 28 дней от начала госпитализации, что способствует стратификации пациентов по риску вентиляции легких и позволяет планировать респираторную поддержку.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>mechanical ventilation</kwd><kwd>non-invasive mechanical ventilation</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>risk stratification</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>неинвазивная искусственная вентиляция легких</kwd><kwd>инвазивная искусственная вентиляция легких</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>стратификация риска</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Figliozzi S, Masci PG, Ahmadi N., et al. 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