Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesAnnals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesВестник Российской академии медицинских наук0869-60472414-3545"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC167210.15690/vramn1672EPIDEMIOLOGY: CURRENT ISSUESАКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИИReview ArticleVaccination Against COVID-19: Emerging Issues and Future ProspectsВакцинация против COVID-19: возникающие вопросы и будущие перспективыhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-7258OnischenkoGennadiy G.ОнищенкоГеннадий Григорьевич
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of RAS

д.м.н, проф., академик РАН

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1817-01267768-3290SizikovaTatiana E.СизиковаТатьяна Евгеньевна
Russian Federation

PhD in Biology, Research Associate

к.б.н., н.с.

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6552-4599LebedevVitaliy N.ЛебедевВиталий Николаевич
Russian Federation

PhD in Biology, Professor, Leading Research Associate

д.б.н., профессор, в.н.с.

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-39195753-3400BorisevichSergey V.БорисевичСергей Владимирович
Russian Federation

PhD in Biology, Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS

д.б.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН

48cnii@mil.ruI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)48 Central Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Defens of the Russian Federation48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт Министерства обороны Российской Федерации151220217666526602708202118122021Copyright ©; 2021, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLCCopyright ©; 2021, Издательство "Педиатръ"2021"Paediatrician" Publishers LLCИздательство "Педиатръ"https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissionshttps://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1672

The most effective means of combating the COVID-19 pandemic s the formation of herd immunity, with the formation of an immune population to infection. Vaccination rates are continuously increasing. In early February 2021, WHO announced that the number of people vaccinated against the disease for the first time exceeded the number of infected. In early June 2021 the vaccinated number exceeded 2 billion which is more than 12 times the total number infected for the entire duration of the pandemic. The high rate of vaccination leads to the formulation of a number of questions concerning the effectiveness of vaccines currently used for mass immunization the level of herd immunity, necessary to stop the spread of the disease, the actual duration of the vaccination carried out, long-term prospects of the platforms, used in the creation of vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate reasoned answers to the questions posed.

Самым действенным средством борьбы с пандемией COVID-19, является формирование коллективного иммунитета, с образованием невосприимчивого к инфицированию населения. Темпы вакцинации COVID-19 непрерывно возрастают. В начале февраля 2021 г. Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) объявила о том, что количество вакцинированных против COVID-19 впервые превзошло число заразившихся. К началу июня число привитых превысило 2 млрд, что более чем в 12 раз превышает общее число инфицированных за все время пандемии. Высокие темпы проведения вакцинации обусловливает рассмотрение вопросов, касающихся эффективности применяемых в настоящее время для массовой иммунизации вакцин, уровне коллективного иммунитета, необходимого для прекращения распространения заболевания, реальном сроке действия проведенной вакцинации, долгосрочных перспективах платформ, использованных при создании вакцин. Целью настоящей работы является изучение современных вопросов массовой вакцинации населения против COVID-19, а также рассмотрение их перспективных вакцинных платформ.

vaccineherd immunityCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2 virusmass immunizationvaccine platformsвакцинавакцинные платформыколлективный иммунитетCOVID-19вирус SARS-CoV-2массовая иммунизацияHui DS, Azhar EI, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCOV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses in global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;91:264–266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009da Costa VG, Saivish MV, Santos DER, et al. Comparative epidemiology between the 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(12):1797–1804. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.023Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update and Weekly Operational. Update Situation Reports [Electronic resource]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports (accessed: 15.11.2021).Последние данные по коронавирусу в России и мире // Коммерсантъ [Электронный ресурс]. Available from: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4314405 (accessed 15.11.2021).Послание Президента РФ Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации [Электронный ресурс]. Available from: http://duma.gov.ru/news/51307/ (дата обращения: 15.11.2021).Gouglas D, Christodoulou M, Plotkin SA, Hatchett R. CEPI: Driving Progress Toward Epidemic Preparedness and Response. Epidemiol Rev. 2019;41(1):28–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxz012Here’s Why It’s Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus [Electronic resource]. Available from: https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away(accessed: 15.11.2021).Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic [Electronic resource]. Available from:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed: 15.11.2021).CEPI establishes global network of laboratories to centralise assessment of COVID-19 vaccine candidates [Electronic resource]. Available from: https://cepi.net/news_cepi/cepi-establishes-global-network-of-laboratories-to-centralise-assessment-of-covid-19-vaccine-candidates/ (accessed: 15.11.2021).Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020:19(5):305–306.doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5COVID-19 vaccines [Electronic resource]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines (accessed: 15.11.2021).Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603–2615. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5):403–416. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389Logunov DY, Dolzhikova, DV, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021;397(10275):671–681. doi:Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, et al. Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(23):2187–2201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101544Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. 2021;397(10269):99–111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1Cohen J. China’s vaccine gambit. Science. 2020;370(6522):1263–1267. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.370.6522.1263Xia S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase ½ trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):39–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30831-8Palacios R, Patiño EG, de Oliveira Piorelli R, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III clinical rial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treating healthcare professionals with the adsorbed COVID-19 (inactivated) vaccine manufactured by Sinovac — PROFISCOV: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlledtrial. Trials. 2020;21(1):853. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04775-4Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN, et al. Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(13):1172–1183.doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107659Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) Publications | Vaccine Safety // CDC [Electronic resourse]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ensuringsafety/monitoring/vaers/publications.html (accessed: 15.11.2021).Wise J. Covid-19: Pfizer BioNTech vaccine reduced cases by 94% in Israel, shows peer reviewed study. BMJ. 2021;372:n567. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n567Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199–1207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(4):2000058. doi: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058Wu JT, Leung K, Bushman M, et al. Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):506–510. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0822-7Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, et al. High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(7):1470–1477. doi: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200282Конради А.О., Недошивин А.О. Ангиотензин II и COVID-19. Тайны взаимодействий // Российский кардиологический журнал. — 2020. — Т. 25. — № 4. —С. 72–74. [Konradi AO, Nedoshivin AO. Angiotensin II and COVID-19. Secrets of interactions. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(4):72–74. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3861Sommerstein R., Grani C. Preventing a COVID-19 pandemic: ACE inhibitors as a potential risk factor for fatal Covid-19. BMJ. 2020;368:m810. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m810Hamming I., Timens W., Bulthuis ML, et al. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):631–637. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1570Lau SKR, Luk H, Wong ASP, et al. Wong Identification of a Novel Betacoronavirus (Merbecovirus) in Amur Hedgehogs from China. Viruses.2019;11(11):980. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110980Борисевич С.В., Сизикова Т.Е., Лебедев В.Н. Пандемия COVID-19: Анализ возможных сценариев развития эпидемии заболевания в России // Вестник войск РХБ зашиты. — 2020. — № 2. — С.116–130. [Borisevich SV, Sizikova ТЕ, Lebedev VN. COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Possible Scenarios for the Development of the Epidemic in Russia. Journal of NBC Protection Corps. 2020;4(2):116–130. (InRuss.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-2-116-130Мейл Д., Бростофф Дж., Рот Д.Б., и др. Иммунология: пер. с англ. — М.: Логосфера, 2007. — 568 с. [Mail D, Brostoff J, Roth DB, et al. Immunologiya = Immunology. Moscow: Logosphere; 2007. 568 p. (In Russ.)]Cone RE. Soluble T-lymphocyte antigen-specific immunoproteins: a progress report. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997;214(3):204–209. doi: https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-214-44088Focosi D, Andersen AO, Tang JW, et al. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: State of Art. Clin Micribiol Rev. 2020;33(4):e00072-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00072-20Iyer AS, Jones FK, Nodoushani A, et al. Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients. Sci Immunol. 2020;5(52):eabe0367. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0367Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV,et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet. 2020;396(10255):887–897. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3Thompson MG, Burgess JL, Naleway AL, et al. Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers — Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020 — March 2021. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(13):495–500. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7013e3Ong SWX, Chiew CJ, Ang LW, et al. Clinical and virological features of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a retrospective cohort study comparing B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.315 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Clin Infect Dis. 2021;ciab721. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab721Wall EC, Wu M, Harvey RK, et al. Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2331–2333. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01290-3Planas D, Veyer D, Baidaliuk A, et al.Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization. Nature. 2021;596(7871):276–280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9Hoffmann M, Hofmann-Winkler H, Krüger N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 is resistant to Bamlanivimab and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. Cell Rep. 2021;36(3):109415. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109415Callaway E, Mallapaty S. Novavax offers first evidence that COVID vaccines protect people against variants. Nature. 2021;590(7844):17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00268-9Pollet J, Chen WH, Strych U. Recombinant protein vaccines, a proven approach against coronavirus pandemics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;170:71–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.001Kaur SP, Gupta V. COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Res. 2020;288:198114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114Должикова И.В., Токарская Е.А., Джаруллаева А.Ш., и др. Векторные вакцины против болезни, вызванной вирусом Эбола // Acta Naturae. — 2017. — Т. 34. — № 3. — С. 4–12. [Dolzhikova IV, Tokarskaya EA, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Virus-vectored Ebola vaccines. Acta Naturae. 2017;3(34):4–12. (InRuss.)]Ковыршина А.В., Должикова И.В., Гроусова Д.М., и др. Комбинированная векторная вакцина для профилактики ближневосточного респираторного синдрома индуцирует формирование длительного протективного иммунного ответа к коронавирусу БВРС-КоВ // Иммунология. — 2020. — Т. 41. — № 2. — С. 135–143. [Kovyrshina AV, Dolzhikova IV, Grousova DM, et al. A heterologous virus-vectored vaccine for prevention of Middle East respiratory syndrome induces long protective immune response against MERS-CoV. Immunology. 2020;41(2):135–143. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.33029/0206-4952-2020-41-2-135-143Bull JJ, Nuismer SL, Antia R. Recombinant vector vaccine evolution. PLoS Comput Biol. 2019:15(7);e1006857. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, et al. An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. 2020:383(20);1920–1931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022483