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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1552</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn1552</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFECTIOUS DISEASES: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Etiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Этиология бактериальных инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи, и антибиотикорезистентность основных возбудителей у пациентов, госпитализированных с COVID-19: ретроспективный анализ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2660-7583</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57208185271</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karnoukh</surname><given-names>Konstantin I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карноух</surname><given-names>Константин Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант кафедры клинической фармакологии и пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>ComeFl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0535-2916</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8061-9382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drozdov</surname><given-names>Vladimir N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дроздов</surname><given-names>Владимир Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры клинической фармакологии и пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>vndrozdov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6589-7654</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2397-8414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shikh</surname><given-names>Evgenia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ших</surname><given-names>Евгения Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой клинической фармакологии и пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>chih@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-1013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4910-5125</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhilina</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жилина</surname><given-names>Светлана Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Med), Head of the Microbiological Research Group of the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, руководитель группы микробиологических исследований клинико-диагностической лаборатории</p></bio><email>svzhilin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6528-1585</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5333-6239</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazareva</surname><given-names>Natalia B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарева</surname><given-names>Наталья Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med), Professor of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры клинической фармакологии и пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>natalia.lazareva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">First Moscow State Medical University Named after I.M. Sechenov (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Morozovskaya Children’s City Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-04-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>77</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-02-13"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2023-04-18"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1552">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1552</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold><bold>.</bold> One of the complications in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 is a secondary bacterial infection. Its frequency can reach 15%, which makes it important to determine the etiology and antimicrobial resistance of the key pathogens responsible for the development of this pathology, in order to further improve the practice of prescribing and increase the effectiveness of antimicrobial chemotherapy. <bold>Aims</bold> — to assess the etiological structure and antibiotic resistance of the main pathogens of SBIs to improve the practice of antibiotic prescription. <bold>Methods</bold><bold>.</bold> This retrospective study reviewed medical records of the patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the Moscow city hospital No. 4 between April 28 and November 1, 2020. Demographic, clinical outcomes, etiology, and antimicrobial resistance data of the SBIs were collected. Outcomes were also compared between patients who were classified as severe and critical on admission. <bold>Results</bold><bold>.</bold> Among 3180 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 220 (6.9%) patients had acquired SBIs, and 50.0% of cases were fatal. The mean age was 72.7 ± 13.07 years. A higher mortality rate was observed in the group of critical patients (63%). 560 strains of bacteria isolated from the SBIs (58.8% isolated from lungs, 21% from urine and 20.2% from blood). 330 strains (58.9%) were Gram-negative bacteria. 109 patients had infections with mixed bacteria. 45 of them (20.5% of the total number of patients included in the study) had 2 pathogens, and 64 patients (29.1%) 3 or more strains. The top three bacteria of SBIs were A. baumannii (23.6%; 132/560), K. pneumoniae (22.9%; 128/560), and S. epidermidis (10.4%; 58/560). The isolation rates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii were 97%. Cefoperazone/sulbactam was the most active antibiotic against this pathogen with 62.1% sensitivity. Among K. pneumoniae strains, the level of resistance to carbapenems was 77.4% to meropenem and 54% to imipenem. The proportion of resistant strains to tigecycline and to colistin was 4 and 2.3% respectively. Meticillin resistance was present in 38.5% of S. aureus. 50% of E. faecium strains were vancomycin-resistant. <bold>Conclusions</bold><bold>.</bold> Gram-negative bacteria, especially A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, were the main pathogens, and the resistance rates of the major isolated bacteria were generally high, which indicates that more accurate use of antibacterial agents is necessary for SBIs in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Одним из осложнений у пациентов, госпитализированных с COVID-19, является инфекция, связанная с оказанием медицинской помощи (ИСМП). Ее частота может достигать 15%, что обусловливает важность определения ее этиологии и антимикробной резистентности ключевых патогенов, ответственных за развитие данной патологии, для дальнейшего совершенствования практики назначения и повышения эффективности противомикробной химиотерапии. <bold>Цель</bold> <bold>исследования</bold> — оценить этиологическую структуру ИСМП и антибиотикорезистентность основных возбудителей ИСМП с целью совершенствования практики назначения антибиотиков. <bold>Методы.</bold> В этом ретроспективном исследовании были проанализированы медицинские карты пациентов, госпитализированных с COVID-19 в ГКБ № 4 г. Москвы в период с 28 апреля по 1 ноября 2020 г. Получены демографические показатели, данные по клиническим исходам, а также установлена этиологическая структура ИСМП и устойчивость к противомикробным препаратам основных возбудителей ИСМП. Варианты клинических исходов также сравнивались между пациентами в тяжелом и критическом состоянии. <bold>Результаты.</bold> Из 3180 пациентов, госпитализированных с COVID-19, у 220 (6,9%) была зафиксирована нозокомиальная бактериальная инфекция, в 50,0% случаев с летальным исходом. Средний возраст пациентов составил 72,7 ± 13,07 года. Более высокий уровень летальности наблюдался в группе пациентов в критическом состоянии (63%). За время исследования было выделено 560 штаммов бактерий (58,8% — из легких, 21% — из мочи и 20,2% — из крови). 330 штаммов (58,9%) были грамотрицательными бактериями. У 109 пациентов определялась микст-инфекции. 45 из них (20,5% от общего числа пациентов) имели 2 патогена, а 64 (29,1%) пациента — 3 и более микроорганизмов. Ведущими возбудителями ИСМП были A. baumannii (23,6%; 132/560), K. pneumoniae (22,9%; 128/560) и S. epidermidis (10,4%; 58/560). Частота выделения карбапенем-резистентных штаммов A. baumannii составила 97%. Цефоперазон/сульбактам был наиболее активным антибиотиком в отношении данного патогена с чувствительностью 62,1%. Среди штаммов K. pneumoniae уровень резистентности к карбапенемам составил 77,4% к меропенему и 54% к имипенему. Доля штаммов, резистентных к тигециклину и колистину, составила 4 и 2,3% соответственно. Уровень выявления метициллин-резистентных штаммов S. aureus составил 38,5%. 50% штаммов E. faecium были устойчивы к ванкомицину. <bold>Выводы.</bold> Среди выделенных бактериальных патогенов у пациентов, госпитализированных с COVID-19, преобладали грамотрицательные бактерии, в частности A. baumannii и K. pneumoniae. Показатели резистентности основных выделенных бактерий были высокими, что указывает на необходимость более точного использования антибактериальных средств для лечения нозокомиальных бактериальных инфекций у пациентов, госпитализированных с COVID-19.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Secondary bacterial infection</kwd><kwd>etiology</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial drug resistance</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ИСМП</kwd><kwd>этиология</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. 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