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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1474</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn1474</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ КАРДИОЛОГИИ И СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ ХИРУРГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mechanisms of Damage to the Cardiovascular System in COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы поражения сердечно-сосудистой системы при COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9692-8019</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fisun</surname><given-names>Alexandr Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фисун</surname><given-names>Александр Яковлевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS, Deputy Head</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заместитель начальника по медико-биологической деятельности</p></bio><email>era_1@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6934-2223</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1172-3156</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobzin</surname><given-names>Yuriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобзин</surname><given-names>Юрий Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, academician of RAS, center president </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, президент цента</p></bio><email>niidi@niidi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1363-6860</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2781-9507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherkashin</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черкашин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department and Clinic of Naval Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук профессор начальник кафедры и клиники военно-морской терапии</p></bio><email>cherkashin_dmitr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0470-1109</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3022-5038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyrenko</surname><given-names>Vadim V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тыренко</surname><given-names>Вадим Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of the Department and Clinic of Faculty Therapy n.a. S.P. Botkin</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук профессор начальник кафедры и клиники факультетской терапии им. С.П. Боткина</p></bio><email>vadim_tyrenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3432-0278</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7098-4783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachenko</surname><given-names>Konstantin N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткаченко</surname><given-names>Константин Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Lecturer at the Department of Naval Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, преподаватель кафедры военно-морской терапии</p></bio><email>constantt@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-5366</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2084-0290</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kachnov</surname><given-names>Vasilii A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Качнов</surname><given-names>Василий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, doctoral student at the Department of Faculty Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, докторант при кафедре факультетской терапии</p></bio><email>kvasa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6489-9938</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5139-8511</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutelev</surname><given-names>Gennadiy G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутелев</surname><given-names>Геннадий Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, doctoral student at the Department of Naval Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, докторант при кафедре военно-морской терапии</p></bio><email>kutelev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7737-3604</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8918-5849</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudchenko</surname><given-names>Ignat V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудченко</surname><given-names>Игнат Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of the Laboratory of Biotechnical Systems and Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, начальник лаборатории Биотехнических систем и технологий</p></bio><email>ignatrudchenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-5425</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3831-6584</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sobolev</surname><given-names>Alexey D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболев</surname><given-names>Алексей Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Adjunct at the Department of Naval Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>адъюнкт при кафедре военно-морской терапии</p></bio><email>sobolevvmeda@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Innovative Technopolis «ERA»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военный инновационный технополис «ЭРА»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children's Scientific and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детский научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-09-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>76</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>287</fpage><lpage>297</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-11-03"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2022-09-03"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1474">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1474</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review article is devoted to the analysis of the literature on the various mechanisms of damage to the cardiovascular system in COVID-19. The article briefly outlines the epidemiology and urgency of the COVID-19 problem, describes the features of the clinical picture of heart muscle damage in COVID-19. The pathophysiology, morphology and pathogenetic mechanisms of myocardial involvement in cases of SARS-CoV-2 lesion are considered in detail. The authors present a diagram of various mechanisms of myocardial damage in COVID-19, which includes mediated damage to the heart muscle through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, myocardial damage caused by hypoxemia, microvascular heart damage, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. A detailed scheme of cardiomyocyte infection with the involvement of cytokines, which ultimately leads to myocardial remodeling and dilated cardiomyopathy, is presented. The pathophysiological foundations of the development of sudden cardiac death in COVID-19, which include the mechanisms of life-threatening arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, and heart failure, are considered. The authors analyzed scientific studies of the toxic effects of COVID-19 drug treatment on the heart muscle, in particular, antiviral, antibacterial, antimalarial agents. Their potential benefits and harms, as well as the likelihood of developing cardiovascular events, in particular sudden cardiac death, were assessed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзорная статья посвящена анализу литературы о различных механизмах поражения сердечно-сосудистой системы при COVID-19. В статье коротко изложены эпидемиология и актуальность проблемы COVID-19, описаны особенности клинической картины поражения сердечной мышцы при COVID-19. Подробно рассмотрены патофизиология, морфология и патогенетические механизмы вовлечения миокарда при поражении SARS-CoV-2. Авторами представлена схема различных механизмов поражения миокарда при COVID-19, которая включает в себя опосредованное поражение сердечной мышцы через ангиотензинпревращающий фермент 2, поражение миокарда, обусловленное гипоксемией, микрососудистое поражение сердца, а также синдром системного воспалительного ответа. Изложена подробная схема инфицирования кардиомиоцитов с вовлечением цитокинов, что в конечном итоге приводит к ремоделированию миокарда и дилатационной кардиомиопатии. Рассмотрены патофизиологические основы развития внезапной сердечной смерти при COVID-19, которые включают в себя механизмы возникновения жизнеугрощающих аритмий, острый коронарный синдром и сердечную недостаточность. Авторами проанализированы научные исследования токсического воздействия медикаментозного лечения COVID-19 на сердечную мышцу, в частности, противовирусные, антибактериальные, противомалярийные средства. Оценены их потенциальная польза и вред, а также вероятность развития сердечно-сосудистых событий, в частности внезапной сердечной смерти.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>ACE-2</kwd><kwd>myocarditis</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>cytokine storm</kwd><kwd>myocardial dysfunction</kwd><kwd>sudden cardiac death</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>АПФ-2</kwd><kwd>миокардит</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>цитокиновый шторм</kwd><kwd>миокардиальная дисфункция</kwd><kwd>внезапная сердечная смерть</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):157–160. doi: https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>COVID-19 Map. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. 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