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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1363</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn1363</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFECTIOUS DISEASES: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ortopoxviruses: past, present and future</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ортопоксвирусы: прошлое, настоящее и будущее</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Onishchenko</surname><given-names>Gennady G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Онищенко</surname><given-names>Геннадий Григорьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirillov</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириллов</surname><given-names>Игорь Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhlai</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махлай</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-3919</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisevich</surname><given-names>Sergei</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисевич</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>sp_borisevich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Management of the Сhief of the Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Protection Troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Управление начальника войск радиационной, химической и биологической защиты Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">48 Central Scientifi c Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2020-09-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-10-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>300</fpage><lpage>305</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-05-24"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-08-24"><day>24</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2021-10-14"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1363">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1363</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The analysis of scientific publication, dedicated to human pathogenic orthopoxviruses over the past 40 years is generalized. The essential activation of focies of monkeypox in Central Africa, cowpox in Europe, buffalopox in South-East Asia, camelpox in South-West and Central Asia and vaccinia-like viruses in Southern America is marked on the background of the apperance of three novel representatives of orthopoxviruses in North America (agents of volepox, raccoonpox and skunpox) and two representatives of African orthopoxviruses (agents of Uasingishu, named self-titled province of Kenya and taterpox).It is concluded, that this is facilitated by almost complete absence of anti-smallpox immunity after the elimination of smallpox and stopping immunization in the world on the background of active human intervention in the nature. Expert do not exclude, that as a result of a mutation of one of orthopoxviruses of animal, similar to smallpox virus agent will exist. Whereat the world will face a threat, much more serious that swine flu or avian flu. It is concluded that modern scientific and methodological approaches to study of orthopoxvirus infections evolution allow to predict threats, related on biological safety of Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обобщен анализ научных публикаций за последние 40 лет, посвященных патогенным для человека ортопоксвирусам. Отмечена заметная активизация очагов оспы обезьян в Центральной Африке, оспы коров в Европе, оспы буйволов в Юго-Восточной Азии, оспы верблюдов в Юго-Западной и Центральной Азии и вакциноподобных вирусов в Южной Америке на фоне появления трех новых представителей ортопоксвирусов в Северной Америке (оспы полевок, оспы североамериканских енотов и оспы североамериканских скунсов) и двух представителей Африки — вирусов болезни Уасингишу (по названию кенийской провинции), поражающих лошадей, и оспы африканских гололапых песчанок (татер). Сделан вывод о том, что этому способствует практическое отсутствие противооспенного иммунитета после ликвидации натуральной оспы и прекращения иммунизации населения в мире на фоне активного вмешательства человечества в дикую природу. Специалисты не исключают, что в результате мутации одного из ортопоксвирусов животных появится сходный с вирусом натуральной оспы возбудитель. При этом мир столкнется с угрозой, намного более серьезной, чем «свиной» или «птичий» грипп. Отмечено, что современные научно-методические подходы по изучению эволюции ортопоксвирусных инфекций позволяют прогнозировать современные угрозы, влияющие на биологическую безопасность Российской Федерации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vaccine virus</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>smallpox</kwd><kwd>orthopoxviruses</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус вакцины</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>натуральная оспа</kwd><kwd>ортопоксвирусы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Virus taxonomy: the classification and nomenclature of viruses. 9-th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Book; 2012. 1327 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>National Center for Biotechnology Information. 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