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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1298</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn1298</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RHEUMATOLOGY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ РЕВМАТОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of homeostatic proliferation and SNP mutations in MHC genes in the development of rheumatoid arthritis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль гомеостатической пролиферации и SNP мутаций генов MHC в развитии ревматоидного артрита</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7084-081X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2327-7486</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevyrev</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевырев</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Junior Research Associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., м.н.с.</p></bio><email>dr.daniil25@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-1782</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3573-7490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>МD, PhD, Academician of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>vakoz40@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>638</fpage><lpage>646</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-02"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-12-22"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2022-02-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1298">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1298</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Great efforts have been made to study the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis in the last few decades, but this issue remains widely unknown. In this review, we suggest a hypothesis according to which the development of rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a genetically determined enhancement of self-antigens presentation and decrease in TCR repertoire diversity due to homeostatic proliferation (HP). We suppose that qualitative changes in the TCR landscape of effector and regulatory T-cells populations lead to immune disequilibrium. I.e. HP results in the condition when self-reactive T-cell clones appear to which no specific T-regulatory cells exist. If such self-reactive clones have TCR specific to modified auto-antigens, which presentation increased due to SNP mutations in MHC genes, then the adaptive immunity is activated, and rheumatoid arthritis develops. Obviously, therapy based on the deletion of self-reactive T-cells clones involved in the RA process or on the replenishment of Treg clones by CAR-T-cells is the perspective approach of personalized medicine.</italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Этиология и патогенез ревматоидного артрита остаются малоизученными, несмотря на большое число исследований, посвященных этому вопросу. В данном обзоре мы выдвигаем гипотезу, согласно которой развитие ревматоидного артрита связано с генетически детерминированными изменениями в ландшафте презентации аутоантигенов, на которые накладывается изменение репертуаров </italic><italic>TCR</italic> <italic>эффекторных и регуляторных клеток вследствие процесса гомеостатической пролиферации. Мы предполагаем, что в результате этого процесса происходит качественное изменение клональной организации популяций эффекторных и регуляторных лимфоцитов, которое приводит к нарушению иммунного равновесия. Другими словами, возникает состояние, когда существуют аутореактивные клоны, для подавления которых нет специфических клонов </italic><italic>T</italic><italic>-регуляторных клеток. Если такие аутореактивные клоны имеют специфичность </italic><italic>TCR</italic> <italic>к антигенным детерминантам, презентация которых усиливается в результате </italic><italic>SNP</italic> <italic>мутаций в генах </italic><italic>MHC</italic><italic>, то происходит активация адаптивного иммунитета и развивается аутоиммунный процесс. По-видимому, терапия, основанная на специфической делеции аутореактивных клонов эффекторных клеток или на восполнении клонов </italic><italic>T</italic><italic>-регуляторных клеток с помощью технологий </italic><italic>CAR</italic><italic>-</italic><italic>T</italic><italic>-лимфоцитов, является перспективным подходом персонифицированной медицины.</italic></p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>homeostatic proliferation</kwd><kwd>single nucleotide polymorphism</kwd><kwd>autoimmunity</kwd><kwd>rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>TCR diversity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гомеостатическая пролиферация</kwd><kwd>SNP мутации</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунные заболевания</kwd><kwd>ревматоидный артрит</kwd><kwd>репертуары TCR</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. 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