Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesAnnals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesВестник Российской академии медицинских наук0869-60472414-3545"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC128910.15690/vramn1289OPHTHALMOLOGY: CURRENT ISSUESАКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ОФТАЛЬМОЛОГИИResearch ArticleRole of cytokines in the pathogenesis of glaucomaРоль цитокинов в патогенезе открытоугольной глаукомыhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9503-18243964-7662RakhmanovV. V.РахмановВ. В.
Russian Federation

MD, PhD

к.м.н.

rakhmanoveyes@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-25313746-0000SokolovD. I.СоколовД. И.
Russian Federation

PhD in Biology

д.б.н

falcojugger@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1560-75297665-0594SelkovS. A.СельковС. А.
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Professor

д.м.н., профессор

selkovsa@mail.ru7164-4749AstakhovYu. S.АстаховЮ. С.
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Professor

д.м.н., профессор

astakhov73@mail.ru7732-1150AstakhovS. Yu.АстаховС. Ю.
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Professor

д.м.н., профессор

astakhov73@mail.ruAcademician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical UniversityПервый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. ПавловаThe Research Institute of Obstetrics, Ginecology and Reproductology Named after D.O. OttНаучно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. ОттаAcademician I.P.Pavlov First St.Petersburg State Medical UniversityПервый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова151220207566096160203202022122020Copyright ©; 2020, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLCCopyright ©; 2020, Издательство "Педиатръ"2020"Paediatrician" Publishers LLCИздательство "Педиатръ"https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissionshttps://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1289

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide and belongs to age-related diseases. However, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), pseudoexfoliative (PE) glaucoma are the most common forms of glaucoma. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the main risk factors for glaucoma progression. The trabecular meshwork participates in regulating and maintaining a constant level of IOP throughout life. Impairment of intercellular interactions, development of cellular dysfunction and the associated imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors underlie the development of most age-related diseases. The role of chronic inflammation, changes in innate and acquired immunity in the development of glaucoma is currently being discussed. Aqueous humor (AH) contains cytokines and growth factors, which are the most important link in the processes of intercellular interaction and are produced by cells of various structures of the eye both in physiological and in pathological conditions. The study of the spectrum, levels, and ratio of different mediator molecules in patients with glaucoma has not yet had a systematic approach. The data obtained are contradictory, which is due to the use of various biological fluids (plasma, AH, tear), determination methods, and the variability of the studied groups of patients. The purpose of this review was to systematize the accumulated knowledge about the role of cytokines and immune system cells in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Research in this direction will not only reveal new predictive biomarkers, but also develop new approaches in glaucoma therapy.

Глаукома, по данным ВОЗ, является одной из ведущих причин необратимой слепоты во всем мире и относится к ассоциированным с возрастом заболеваниям. Первичная открытоугольная глаукома (ПОУГ), псевдоэксфолиативная (ПЭ) глаукома являются наиболее частыми формами глаукомы. Повышение внутриглазного давления (ВГД) является одним из основных факторов риска прогрессии глаукомы. Трабекулярная сеть на протяжении всей жизни выполняет функцию регуляции и поддержания постоянного уровня ВГД. В настоящее время обсуждается роль хронического воспаления, изменений врожденного и приобретенного иммунитета в развитии глаукомы. Водянистая влага (ВВ) содержит цитокины и ростовые факторы, которые выступают важнейшим звеном в процессах межклеточного взаимодействия и продуцируются клетками различных структур глаза как в физиологических условиях, так и при патологических состояниях. Изучение спектра, уровней и соотношения различных медиаторных молекул у пациентов с глаукомой до настоящего времени не имеет систематизированного подхода, полученные данные носят противоречивый характер, что связано с использованием для этого различных биологических жидкостей (сыворотка крови, ВВ, слеза), методов определения, а также вариабельностью исследуемых групп пациентов как по количеству, так и по нозологии. Задача настоящего обзора — систематизация накопленных знаний о роли цитокинов и клеток иммунной системы в патогенезе глаукомы. Исследования в этом направлении позволят не только выявить новые прогностические биомаркеры, но и разработать современные подходы в терапии глаукомы.

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