<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">12461</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn12461</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DERMATOLOGY and VENEROLOGY: current issues</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ДЕРМАТОВЕНЕРОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Autoimmune Skin Diseases in Multiple Sclerosis: Comorbidity Issues and the Impact of Pathogenetic Therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аутоиммунные заболевания кожи при рассеянном склерозе: вопросы коморбидности и влияние патогенетической терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0429-3117</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57204588079</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">T-5444-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2023-5783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dvornikov</surname><given-names>Anton S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дворников</surname><given-names>Антон Cергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor]</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>dvornicov_as@rsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0742-6875</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">35599379800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>Evgeny I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>Евгений Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>gusev_ei@rsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-7877</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7004761286</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">K-8390-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8010-8340</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynov</surname><given-names>Michail Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартынов</surname><given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>m-martin@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2826-0560</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36114088800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">IUM-2745-2023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5019-3996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lashch</surname><given-names>Natalia Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лащ</surname><given-names>Наталия Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><email>lashn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-3294</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203680818</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">Q-1088-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5216-2059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaydina</surname><given-names>Tatyana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайдина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><email>doc429@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-782X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57205679487</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4309-8334</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chukanova</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чуканова</surname><given-names>Анна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Prosessor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><email>chukanova.anna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-4151</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7102247663</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9921-9109</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boyko</surname><given-names>Alexey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойко</surname><given-names>Алексей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>boykoan13@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Center for Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of FMBA of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>79</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-25"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-03-01"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/12461">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/12461</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The number of autoimmune diseases (AS), currently numbering more than 100 nosological forms, is constantly growing and is a significant problem of clinical medicine. Advances in the definition of diagnostic biomarkers and clinical tests make it possible in most cases to carry out differential diagnosis of autoimmune pathology and prescribe personalized immunocorrection. The modern understanding of the mechanisms of AS is based on the breakdown of tolerance to their own antigens, which occurs in genetically predisposed individuals against the background of impaired immunoregulation. In this review, using the example of multiple sclerosis (MS) as a classic AS of the nervous system, a possible combination of common autoimmune mechanisms of MS and such common skin diseases as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis is considered. Advances in the field of pharmacy have accelerated the path from the creation of new molecules to the introduction of modern pathogenetic drugs into daily clinical practice. To prevent exacerbations and progression of MS, disease-modifying therapy of MS are currently used. This treatment is permanent and long-term, and it is very important to take into account the comorbid pathologies that develop against the background of this therapy. The review shows the effect of DMT on the manifestation of skin diseases. The use of modern bioengineered drugs can contribute both to the activation and emergence of new diseases, and to stabilize the patient’s condition in the presence of autoimmune comorbidity.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Число аутоиммунных заболеваний (АЗ), насчитывающее в настоящее время более 100 нозологических форм, постоянно растет и является значимой проблемой клинической медицины. Достижения в определении диагностических биомаркеров и клинических тестов позволяют в большинстве случаев проводить дифференциальную диагностику аутоиммунной патологии и назначать персонализированную иммунокоррекцию. В основе современного понимания механизмов АЗ лежит срыв толерантности к собственным антигенам, который происходит у генетически предрасположенных лиц на фоне нарушения иммунорегуляции. В настоящем обзоре на примере рассеянного склероза (РС) как классического АЗ нервной системы рассмотрено возможное сочетание общих аутоиммунных механизмов РС и таких распространенных заболеваний кожи, как псориаз и атопический дерматит. Достижения в области фармации ускорили путь от создания новых молекул до внедрения современных патогенетических препаратов в ежедневную клиническую практику. Для профилактики обострений и прогрессирования РС в настоящее время применяются препараты, изменяющие течение РС. Это лечение постоянное и длительное, и очень важно учитывать коморбидные патологии, развивающиеся на фоне этой терапии. В обзоре показано влияние препаратов, изменяющих течение РС, на проявление кожных заболеваний. Применение современных биоинженерных препаратов может как способствовать активации и появлению новых заболеваний, так и стабилизировать состояние пациента при наличии аутоиммунной коморбидности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autoimmune diseases</kwd><kwd>autoimmune inflammation</kwd><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>disease-modifying of multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>atopic dermatitis</kwd><kwd>psoriasis</kwd><kwd>vitiligo</kwd><kwd>alopecia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутоиммунные заболевания</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунное воспаление</kwd><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>препараты</kwd><kwd>изменяющие течение рассеянного склероза</kwd><kwd>атопический дерматит</kwd><kwd>псориаз</kwd><kwd>витилиго</kwd><kwd>алопеция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий ФМБА России</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Center for Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of FMBA of Russia</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Angum F, Khan T, Kaler J, et al. The Prevalence of Autoimmune Disorders in Women: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2020;12(5):e8094. doi: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8094</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Лауреаты Нобелевской премии: энциклопедия: в 2 т.: пер с англ. / отв. ред. Е.Ф. Губский. — М.: Прогресс, 1992. — Т. 1: А—Л. С. 117—120. [Laureaty Nobelevskoj premii: enciklopediya: v 2 t.: per s angl. / otv. red. E.F. Gubskij. Moscow: Progress; 1992. T. 1: A—L. S. 117—120. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Аутоиммунные заболевания в неврологии: клиническое руководство: в 2 т. / под ред. И.А. Завалишина, М.А. Пирадова, А.Н. Бойко и др. М.: РООИ «Здоровье человека», 2014. — 400 с. [Autoimmunnye zabolevaniya v nevrologii: klinicheskoe rukovodstvo: v 2 t. / pod red. I.A. Zavalishina, M.A. Piradova, A.N. Bojko, i dr. Moscow: ROOI “Zdorov’e cheloveka”; 2014. 400 s. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Пономарев В.В. Аутоиммунные заболевания в неврологии. — Минск: Белорусская наука, 2010. — 259 c. [Ponomarev VV. Autoimmunnye zabolevaniya v nevrologii. Minsk: Belorusskaya nauka, 2010. 259 s. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Cirillo G, Negrete-Diaz F, Yucuma D, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation: a personalized therapeutic approach for crohn’s and other inflammatory bowel diseases. Cells. 2022;11(24):4103. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11244103</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Solid LM, Pos W, Wucherpfenning KW. Molecular mechanisms for contribution of MHC molecules to autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol. 2014;31:24–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2014.08.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Henderson RD, Bain CJ, Pender MP. The occurrence of autoimmune diseases in patients with multiple sclerosis and their families. J Clin Neurosci. 2000;7(5):434—437. doi: https://doi.org/10.1054/jocn.2000.0693</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Ghadiri F, Sahraian MA, Razazian N, et al. Late-onset multiple sclerosis in Iran: A report on demographic and disease characteristics. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;70:104493. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/jmsard. 2022.104493</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Juszczak M, Głabiński A. [Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2009;63:492–501.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Comi G, Bar-Or A, Lassmann H, et al. Role of B cells in multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Ann Neurol. 2021;89(1):13–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25927</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>de Lusignan S, Alexander H, Broderick C, et al. Atopic dermatitis and risk of autoimmune conditions: population-based cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;150(3):709–713. doi: https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Sugaya M. The role of Th17-related cytokines in atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1314. doi: https//doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041314</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Laageide L, Verhave B, Samkoff L, et al. Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis arising in a patient with atopic dermatitis on dupilumab. JAAD Case Rep. 2021;15:33—35. doi: https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.07.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Cendrowski W. [Multiple sclerosis and psoriasis]. Wiad Lek. 1989;42(9):575–578.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Dobson R, Giovannoni G. Autoimmune disease in people with multiple sclerosis and their relatives: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2013;260(5):1272–1285. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6790-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Opazo MC, Ortega-Rocha EM, Coronado-Arrazola I, et al. Intestinal microbiota influences non-intestinal related autoimmune diseases. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:432. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Boziki MK, Kesidou E, Theotokis P, et al. Microbiome in MS; where are we, what we know and do not know. Brain Sci. 2020;10(4):234. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10040234</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Kwok T, Loo WJ, Guenther L. Psoriasis and multiple sclerosis: is there a link? J Cutan Med Surg. 2010;14(4):151—155. doi: https://doi.org/10.2310/7750.2010.09063</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Midgard R, Grønning M, Riise T, et al. Multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory disease A case-control study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1996;93(5):322–328. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00004.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ramagopalan SV, Dymet DA, Valdar W. Autoimmune disease in families with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(7):604—610. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70132-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Barcellos L, Kamdar BB, Ramsay P, et al. Clustering of autoimmune diseases in families with a high-risk for multiple sclerosis: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(11):924—931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70552-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Liu CY, Tung TH, Lee CY et al. Association of multiple sclerosis with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019;20(2):201—208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-018-0399-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hügle T, Gratzl S, Daikeler T et al. Sclerosing skin disorders in association with multiple sclerosis. Coincidence, underlying autoimmune pathology or interferon induced? Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(1):47—50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.083246</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Ochi H, Feng-Jun M, Osoegawa M, et al. Time dependent cytokine deviation toward the Th2 side in Japanese multiple sclerosis patients with interferon beta-1b. J Neurol Sci. 2004;222(1—2):65–73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2004.04.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Axtell RC, Raman C. Janus‐like effects of type I interferon in autoimmune diseases. Immunol Rev. 2012;248(1):23–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01131.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Lo‐Pez‐LermaI, Pranzo P, Herreo C. New- onset psoriasis in a patient treated with interferon beta‐1a. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(3):716–717. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.09005.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Navne JN, Hedegaard U, Bygum A. Activation of psoriasis in patients undergoing treatment with interferon‐beta. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005;167(32):2903–2904.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Zecca C, Caporro M, Adami M, et al. Fumaric acid esters in psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2014;39(4):488—491. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.12326</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Терифлуномид: Инструкция по применению. Видаль, 2021. [Teriflunomid: Instrukciya po primeneniyu. Vidal`; 2021. (In Russ.)] Available from: https://www.vidal.ru/drugs/teriflunomide (accessed: 20.11.2020).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Couper C, Shaffrali F. Pustular psoriasis following treatment for multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022;47(6):1185—1186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.15100</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Dereure O, Camu W. Teriflunomide-induced psoriasiform changes of fingernails: a new example of paradoxical side effect? Int J Dermatol. 2017;56(12):1479—1481. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13742</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Teriflunomide linked with new onset and worsening of psoriasis. Reactions Weekly. 1805, 1 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40278-020-78711-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Sy N, Mastacoruis N, Strunk A, et al. Overall and racial and ethnic subgroup prevalences of alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159(4):419—423. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.0016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Sterkens A, Lambert J, Beryoets A. Alopecia areata: a review on diagnosis, immunological etiopathogenesis and treatment options. Clin Exp Med. 2021;21(2):215—230. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00673-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Rommer PS, Zettl UK. Managing the side effects of multiple sclerosis therapy: pharmacotherapy options for patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(5):483–498. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1446944</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Rossi A, Muscianese M, Federico A, et al. Associations between alopecia areata and multiple sclerosis: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(4):490—493. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14737</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Eid E, Abou-Rahal J, Kurban M, et al. Reply to “Associations between alopecia areata and multiple sclerosis: a report of two cases and review of the literature”: Possible role of plasmacytoid dendritic cell in both diseases. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(9):e339—e340. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Abičić A, Adamec I, Habek M. Alopecia associated with dimethyl fumarate treatment for multiple sclerosis. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2023;173(11—12):287—289. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s 10354-023-01007-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Porwal MH, Obeidat AZ Author response to comment on: Alopecia in multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease modifying therapies. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2022;14:1179573522112713. doi: https://doi.org//10.1177/11795735221127131</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Лащ Н.Ю. Некоторые вопросы управления рисками при терапии терифлуномидом у пациентов с ремитирующим рассеянным склерозом // Медицинский совет. — 2015. — № 18. — C. 634—667. [Lashch NY. Some risk management issues in teriflunomide treatment of patient with remitting multiple sclerosis. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2015;18:63—67. (In Russ.)] doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2015-18-63-67</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Hartung HP, Mares J, Barnett MH. Alemtuzumab: rare serious adverse events of a high-efficacy drug. Mult Scler. 2020;26(6):737–740. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520913277</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Tzanetakos D, Breza M, Tzartos JS. et al. Alemtuzumab-induced alopecia universalis and transient accommodation spasm in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2022;15:17562864221127476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/17562864221127476</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Rolfes L, Pfeuffer S, Hackert J, et al. Skin reactions in patients with multiple sclerosis receiving Cladribine treatment. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(3):e990. doi: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000990</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Chin LD, AbuHilal M. Ocrelizumab-induced alopecia areata. A series of five patients from Ontario, Canada: a case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2020;8:200313X20919614. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X20919614</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Porwal MH, Salter A, Patel D, et al. Alopecia in multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease modifying therapies. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2022;14:11795735221109674. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735221109674</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Shen MH, Ng CY, Chang KH, et al. Association of multiple sclerosis with vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17792. doi: https//doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74298-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Deng Q, Luo Y, Chang C, et al. The emerging epigenetic role of CD8+T cells in autoimmune diseases: a systematic review. Front Immunol. 2019;10:856 doi: https//doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00856</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
