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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1142</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn1142</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPHTHALMOLOGY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ОФТАЛЬМОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Visual Acuity Charts: Analytical Review, Basic Terms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Таблицы для оценки остроты зрения: аналитический обзор, основные термины</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0196-148X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1164-7489</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gracheva</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачева</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория Зрительных систем, ИППИ им. А.А. Харкевича РАН</p> <p> </p></bio><email>mg.iitp@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-5316</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2648-5849</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казакова</surname><given-names>Анна Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России; стажер-исследователь лаборатории Зрительных систем ИППИ им. А.А. Харкевича РАН</p> <p> </p></bio><email>AnneKazakova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5475-0398</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6487-5793</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokrovskiy</surname><given-names>Dmitry F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покровский</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Фёдорович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, assistant professor</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры офтальмологии факультета РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России</p> <p> </p></bio><email>dfpokrovskiy@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-8736</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5779-2406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedev</surname><given-names>Igor B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведев</surname><given-names>Игорь Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры офтальмологии факультета РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России</p></bio><email>glazmed@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute) Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт проблем передачи информации им. А.А. Харкевича РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-07-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>74</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>192</fpage><lpage>199</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-05-17"><day>17</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-06-23"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2020-07-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1142">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1142</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review is dedicated to the visual acuity charts for assessment vision at far. The first part of the review provides definitions of basic terms:optotypes, step of the chart (change in the sign size from line to line), chart design; also, termination rules for measurement procedure and the mainmeasuring units (logMAR, decimal units) are discussed. The second part of the paper provides historical review of charts development, startingfrom the beginning of the XIX century. The most wide spread visual acuity charts are described: Snellen chart, Sivtsev-Golovin chart, ETDRSchart, Lea chart, etc. The features of their structure and the optotypes used are discussed, taking into account their usefulness, practicality andfeasibility in children vision assessment. Charts compliance with the standard in view of recommendations about optotypes properties and optotypesdistribution on the chart field are reviewed. A special attention is drawn to the modern tendencies in optotypes development in order to obtain betterrepeatability of visual acuity assessment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор посвящен таблицам для оценки остроты зрения для дали. В первой части обзора приведены определения основных терминов: оптотипы, шаги таблицы, дизайн таблицы; рассмотрены правила завершения процедуры измерения и перечислены наиболее распространенные единицы измерения, используемые для оценки остроты зрения. В следующем разделе дается исторический обзор развития табличного метода измерения остроты зрения, начиная с первых буквенных таблиц начала XIX в. Приводится общее описание самых распространенных российских и зарубежных таблиц ― Снеллена, Головина−Сивцева, ETDRS, Lea; отмечены особенности их структуры и использованных оптотипов. При обсуждении достоинств и недостатков разных таблиц обращается внимание на удобство их применения на практике, в том числе возможность их использования для детей младшего возраста. Отмечается соответствие таблиц требованиям и рекомендациям существующих стандартов в отношении использованных оптотипов и их размещения. Отдельно обсуждаются современные тенденции видоизменения оптотипов в целях достижения большей точности и лучшей повторяемости результатов измерений остроты зрения, в том числе возможности использования «исчезающих» оптотипов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>visual acuity</kwd><kwd>optotypes</kwd><kwd>visual acuity charts</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острота зрения</kwd><kwd>оптотипы</kwd><kwd>таблицы для проверки остроты зрения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное задание</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">State task</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>0061-2019-0004</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out at the expense of the federal budget within the framework of the state assignment FNI No. 0547-2019-0006-С-01.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проводилось за счет средств федерального бюджета в рамках государственного задания ФНИ № 0547-2019-0006-С-01.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chaplin PK, Bradford GE A historical review of distance vision screening eye charts: what to toss, what to keep, and what to replace. 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