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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1099</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn1099</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MOLECULAR MEDICINE AND GENETICS: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ГЕНЕТИКИ И МОЛЕКУЛЯРНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Epigenetics of Friedreich’s Disease: Methylation of the (GAA)n-Repeats Region in FXN Gene</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпигенетика болезни Фридрейха: метилирование области экспансии (GAA)n-повторов гена FXN</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9419-1159</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramycheva</surname><given-names>Nataliya Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамычева</surname><given-names>Наталья Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD.</p><p>SPIN-код: 6888-6008</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук.</p><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80.</p><p>SPIN-код: 6888-6008</p></bio><email>nataabr@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8070-7644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedotova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федотова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>SPIN-код: 3466-2212</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук.</p><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80, тел.: +7 (495) 490-21-03.</p><p>SPIN-код: 3466-2212</p></bio><email>ekfedotova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3179-7668</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nuzhnyi</surname><given-names>Evgenii P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нужный</surname><given-names>Евгений Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>SPIN-код: 5571-3386</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80.</p>SPIN-код: 5571-3386</bio><email>enuzhny@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4813-9912</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>Natalia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Наталья Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>SPIN-код: 1604-1680</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80.</p>SPIN-код: 1604-1680</bio><email>nikolaeva.n0211@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-7045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyushnikov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюшников</surname><given-names>Сергей Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>SPIN-код: 1769-2262</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук.</p><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80.</p><p>SPIN-код: 1769-2262</p></bio><email>sergeklyush@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8188-5140</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ershova</surname><given-names>Margarita V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ершова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>SPIN-код: 9922-0883</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук.</p><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80.</p><p>SPIN-код: 9922-0883</p></bio><email>mvedoc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2177-6743</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tanas</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Танас</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD.</p><p>Moscow.</p><p>SPIN-код: 2947-7067</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук.</p><p> Москва.</p><p>SPIN-код: 2947-7067</p></bio><email>tanas80@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2704-6282</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Illarioshkin</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иллариошкин</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, professor.</p><p>SPIN-код: 8646-9426</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, член-корреспондент РАН, профессор.</p><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80.</p><p>SPIN-код: 8646-9426</p></bio><email>snillario@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научный центр неврологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Medical Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медико-генетический научный центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-05-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>74</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-01-30"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-04-19"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2020-05-31"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1099">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1099</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>: Friedreich’s disease (FD) is the most common hereditary ataxia. It is associated, most frequently, with homozygous GAA repeats expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene. Methylation of the FXN gene can play an important role in the pathogenesis of FD. <bold>Aims</bold>: to study methylation pattern in CpG sites flanking GAA-expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene in patients with FD and their heterozygous relatives as well as its relationship with clinical features. <bold>Materials and methods</bold>: We studied DNA samples from patients with FD (n=18), their relatives carrying heterozygous GAA expansion (n=12), and control group (n=15). Pattern of methylation was studied by direct sequencing of DNA regions after bisulphide processing. <bold>Results</bold>: We analyzed 18 CpG sites in the UP-GAA region of the gene (before GAA-repeats) and 12 CpG sites in the DOWN-GAA region (after GAA-repeats). In the UP-region, the mean methylation level of CpG sites in FD patients was higher compared to controls (n=15) (р&lt;0.05), while in the DOWN-region there was a decrease of mean methylation level in FD compared to controls (р&lt;0.05). Analysis of methylation level in different CpG sites in the UP-GAA region revealed hypermethylation for 15 of 18 CpG-sites as compared to controls (р&lt;0.05). The most significant differences in methylation level in the UP-GAA region were seen for CpG sites 50−54, 57 and 58. In contrast, in the DOWN-GAA region almost all CpG sites were fully methylated in the control group, while in FD patients methylation was significantly lower (р&lt;0.05). We revealed positive correlation of mean methylation level and more expanded allele length for the UP-GAA region in FD (r=0.63; p=0.03), and no correlations for the DOWN-GAA region. In heterozygous carriers we observed an analogous positive correlations in the UP-GAA region for CpG site 50 (r=0.77; p=0.04), while in the DOWN-GAA region there was inverse correlation of methylation with GAA repeat number in the expanded allele (r=-0.83, p=0.02). Negative correlation was found between the hypermethylation of some CpG-sites in the UP-GAA region and age of the disease onset (p&lt;0.05). <bold>Conclusion</bold>: We revealed hypermethylation in the UP-GAA region and hypomethylation in the DOWN-GAA region in patients with FD compared to controls and correlations of methylation level with the GAA expansion length and age of disease onset.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Болезнь Фридрейха (БФ) ― самая частая форма среди наследственных атаксий, в большинстве случаев связанная с гомозиготной экспансией GAA-повторов в 1-м интроне гена FXN. Метилирование данного гена может играть большую роль в патогенезе БФ. <bold>Цель</bold> — изучить паттерн метилирования CpG-сайтов, фланкирующих область GAA-повторов гена FXN у пациентов с БФ и их родственников с гетерозиготным носительством GAA-экспансии, а также его взаимосвязь с клиническими особенностями заболевания. <bold>Методы</bold>. Исследованы образцы ДНК пациентов с БФ (n=18), их родственников с гетерозиготным носительством GAA-экспансии (n=12) и здоровых добровольцев группы контроля (n=15). Паттерн метилирования определяли методом прямого секвенирования после бисульфитной обработки. <bold>Результаты</bold>. Всего проанализировано 18 CpG-сайтов в UP-GAA области гена (до GAA-повторов) и 12 сайтов в DOWN-GAA области (после GAA-повторов). В UP-GAA области наблюдался более высокий уровень метилирования CpG-сайтов для БФ по сравнению с контрольной группой (р&lt;0,05), а в DOWN-GAA области ― снижение среднего уровня метилирования для БФ по сравнению с контролем (р&lt;0,05). Анализ степени метилирования UP-GAA области у пациентов с БФ по сравнению с контролем выявил гиперметилирование по 15 CpG-сайтам из 18 (р&lt;0,05). Наибольшие различия в уровне метилирования в UP-GAA области наблюдались для CpG-сайтов 50–54, 57 и 58. Напротив, в DOWN-GAA области в контрольной группе практически все CpG-сайты были метилированы полностью, а в группе БФ уровень метилирования был статистически значимо меньше (р&lt;0,05). Выявлена прямая корреляция усредненного процента метилирования для UP-GAA области с длиной более длинного экспандированного аллеля при БФ (r=0,63; p=0,03) и отсутствие корреляций для DOWN-GAA области. У гетерозиготных носителей выявлена аналогичная прямая корреляция в UP-GAA области для CpG-сайта 50 (r=0,77; p=0,04), тогда как в DOWN-GAA области наблюдалась обратная зависимость метилирования от числа GAA-повторов в экспандированном аллеле (r=-0,83, p=0,02). Выявлена отрицательная корреляционная связь между гиперметилированием отдельных CpG-сайтов в UP-GAA области и возрастом дебюта заболевания (р&lt;0,05). <bold>Заключение</bold>. В работе выявлено гиперметилирование UP-GAA области и гипометилирование DOWN-GAA области у пациентов с БФ по сравнению с контрольной группой, что определяется длиной GAA-экспансии и оказывает непосредственное влияние на возраст дебюта заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epigenetics</kwd><kwd>methylation</kwd><kwd>Friedreich’s disease</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Фридрейха</kwd><kwd>эпигенетика</kwd><kwd>метилирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">RSF, 17-75-20211</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд, грант 17-75-20211</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.Campuzano V, Montermini L, Molto MD, et al. Friedreich’s ataxia: autosomal recessive disease caused by an intronic GAA triplet repeat expansion. 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