Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesAnnals of the Russian academy of medical sciencesВестник Российской академии медицинских наук0869-60472414-3545"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC107210.15690/vramn1072ENDOCRINOLOGY: CURRENT ISSUESАКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ЭНДОКРИНОЛОГИИThe History of the Discovery of Parathyroid Glands, and Their Role in the BodyИстория открытия околощитовидных желез, и их роль в организмеhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9717-9742MokryshevaNatalia G.МокрышеваНаталья Георгиевна
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Professor.

Moscow

SPIN-код: 5624-3875

Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделением патологии околощитовидных желез.

SPIN-код: 5624-3875

nm70@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7963-5022KrupinovaJulia A.КрупиноваЮлия Александровна
Russian Federation

MD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow

SPIN-cod: 6279-8247

Научный сотрудник отделения патологии околощитовидных желез.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 1, тел.: +7 (495) 500-00-63

SPIN-код: 6279-8247

j.krupinova@gmail.comEndocrinology Research CentreНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии0404201974135430811201808022019Copyright ©; 2019, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLCCopyright ©; 2019, Издательство "Педиатръ"2019"Paediatrician" Publishers LLCИздательство "Педиатръ"https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissionshttps://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1072

Currently, the parathyroid glands (PG) are admited as vital organs in humans. At the same time, the way to this acknowledgment was long and difficult, and the establishment of a link between the pathological conditions of the PG and their complications passed through many mistakes and errors. Understanding the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in the body and recognition of the main role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in it was slow, throughout the XIX − early XX centuries. Despite the increasing number of observations confirming the development of complications because of hyperfunction of the PG or development of tetany due to their removal, the main link of this relationship remained unidentified for a long time. In view of the unique anatomical features of the PG, they were the last of the endocrine glands found, which the main obstacle was in the rapid study of their functional characteristics. Today, the structure and functions of the PG are described in detail, the manifestations of their various pathological conditions are well studied, and the capabilities of modern medicine allow timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The review describes the history of the discovery of the PG, highlights the main stages in the study of their role in calcium-phosphorus metabolism in particular and in the body as a whole, and discusses the prospects for further development in this direction. We analyzed the work devoted to the evolution in the notions of anatomical, physiological, pathological features of the PG.

В настоящее время околощитовидные железы признаны жизненно важным органом у человека. Вместе с тем путь к этому осознанию был долгим, а установление связи между патологическими состояниями околощитовидных желез и их осложнениями проходило через множество ошибок и заблуждений. Понимание регуляции кальций-фосфорного обмена в организме и признание главной в нем роли паратиреоидного гормона (ПТГ) происходило медленно ― на протяжении всего XIX и начала XX века. Несмотря на все большее количество наблюдений, подтверждавших развитие осложнений в результате гиперфункции околощитовидных желез или развития тетаний вследствие их удаления, основное звено этой взаимосвязи оставалось неустановленным на протяжении долгого времени. Ввиду уникальных анатомических особенностей околощитовидные железы были последними из обнаруженных эндокринных желез, что и явилось основной помехой в стремительном изучении их функциональных характеристик. Сегодня их структура и функции подробно описаны, проявления различных патологических состояний хорошо изучены, а возможности современной медицины позволяют проводить своевременную диагностику и лечение заболеваний. В обзоре представлена история открытия околощитовидных желез, освещены основные этапы изучения их роли в кальций-фосфорном обмене в частности и в организме в целом; также обсуждаются перспективы дальнейшего развития в этом направлении, проанализированы работы, посвященные эволюции в представлениях об их анатомических, физиологических и патологических особенностях.

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