<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-6047</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-3545</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1035</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vramn1035</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY: CURRENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПСИХОЛОГИИ И ПСИХИАТРИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of CYP3A Activity on the Efficacy and Safety of Fluvoxamine in Patients Depressive Disorders and Comorbid Alcohol Use Disorder</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние активности CYP2D6 на эффективность и безопасность флувоксамина у пациентов с депрессивными расстройствами, коморбидными с алкогольной зависимостью</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0607-4812</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zastrozhin</surname><given-names>Mikhail S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Застрожин</surname><given-names>Михаил Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p><p>37/1, Lyublinskaya street, 109390 Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук.</p><p>109390, Москва, ул. Люблинская, д. 37/1, тел.: +7 (495) 709-64-04</p><p>SPIN-код: 5681-4767</p></bio><email>rudnmed@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-6682</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Валерий Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат фармакологических наук</p><p>SPIN-код: 4171-3871</p></bio><email>valsmirnov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0053-8252</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokin</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокин</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>SPIN-код: 5874-3924</p></bio><email>assorokin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5621-8266</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishina</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришина</surname><given-names>Елена Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Assistant professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, доцент</p><p>SPIN-код: 3357-3591</p></bio><email>eagrishina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-8520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhikova</surname><given-names>Kristina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжикова</surname><given-names>Кристина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>SPIN-код: 2604-1922</p></bio><email>karyzhikova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bedina</surname><given-names>Inessa A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бедина</surname><given-names>Инесса Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент</p><p>SPIN-код: 8875-1830</p></bio><email>iabedina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shipitsyn</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шипицын</surname><given-names>Валерий Валериевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>SPIN-код: 2261-1516</p></bio><email>vvshipitsyn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2411-3494</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>Ludmila M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>Людмила Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>SPIN-код: 6638-6651</p></bio><email>lmsavchenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Buzik</surname><given-names>Oleg Zh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бузик</surname><given-names>Олег Жанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, доцент</p><p>SPIN-код: 2747-6209</p></bio><email>ozhbuzik@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koporov</surname><given-names>Sergey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копоров</surname><given-names>Сергей Георгиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>SPIN-код: 2747-6209</p></bio><email>sergeykoporov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8366-9732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bryun</surname><given-names>Evgeny А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брюн</surname><given-names>Евгений Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>SPIN-код: 6736-7656</p></bio><email>evgenybryunrmapo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-3680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sychev</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сычев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Член-корреспондент РАН, Доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>SPIN-код: 4525-7556</p></bio><email>dmitrysychevrmapo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-практический центр наркологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center Institute of Immunology of Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>73</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>411</fpage><lpage>419</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-09-24"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-11-29"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, "Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">"Paediatrician" Publishers LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Издательство "Педиатръ"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2019-12-28"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1035">https://vestnikramn.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1035</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>: Alcohol dependence is often combined with affective disorders, in particular, depressive disorder (DD), which worsens adversely affects the prognosis of the course of both diseases and their outcomes. For the treatment of DD, drugs from the group of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, whose representative is fluvoxamine, are used. Fluvoxamine therapy is often associated with a risk of development is shown to be ineffective, and a part of patients develop dose-dependent adverse drug reactions (ADR) and pharmacoresistance.</p><p><bold>Objective:</bold> To study the effects of CYPD6 isoenzyme activity on the efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine therapy in patients with depressive disorders, comorbid with alcoholism.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> The study was conducted on 117 Russian patients with DD, alcohol-dependent comorbid. For the purpose of correction of depressive disorders within the framework of cyclothymia, fluvoxamine (Fevarin) was administered to patients at a dosage of 50−150 mg/day. Genotyping was carried out by the method of polymerase chain reaction in Real-time mode with allele-specific hybridization. Efficacy and safety were assessed using validated psychometric scales and an assessment of the severity of ADR. To evaluate the activity of CYP2D6, the method of high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to measure the urinary content of the endogenous substrate of this isoenzyme and its metabolite, the ratio of 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> By the 9th day of the study, the severity of depressive symptoms on the HAMD scale was statistically significantly different in patients with different genotypes: (GG) 7.0 [6.0; 8.0], (GA) 4.0 [3.0; 5.0] (p&lt;0.001); safety indicator, estimated on a UKU scale: 3.0 [2.0; 4.0], (GA) 4.0 [4.0; 4.2] (p&lt;0.001). The presence of differences persisted on the 16th day: (GG) 5.0 [3.0; 6.0], (GA) 1.5 [1.0; 3.0] (p&lt;0.001); safety indicator, estimated on a UKU scale: (GG) 9.0 [9.0; 10.0], (GA) 6.0 [6.0; 7.0] (p&lt;0.001). The calculation of the correlation coefficients between the difference in the number of scores on psychometric scales and the metabolic ratio showed a statistically significant inverse correlation of the average power degree between the efficiency index estimated by the HAMD scale (r=-0.467, p&lt;0.05). There was no connection with the difference on the UKU scale (r=0.173, p&gt;0.05).</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> In a study of a group of 117 patients with DD, comorbid with alcohol dependence, the effect of CYP2D6 activity, estimated by the ratio of the endogenous substrate concentrations of pinolin and its metabolite 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, on the efficacy of fluvoxamine therapy. This effect was also shown using the results of genotyping. The results of genotyping also showed the existence of a difference in the safety index in patients with different genotypes from the polymorphic marker CYP2D6 1846G&gt;A.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p/><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Алкогольная зависимость часто сочетается с аффективными расстройствами, в частности депрессивным расстройством, что отрицательно сказывается на прогнозе течения обоих заболеваний. Для лечения депрессивного расстройства используют лекарственные средства из группы селективных ингибиторов обратного захвата серотонина, представителем которого является флувоксамин. Терапия флувоксамином сопряжена с риском развития нежелательных лекарственных реакций и фармакорезистентности. В более ранних исследованиях было показано возможное влияние полиморфизма гена CYP2D6, кодирующего одноименный изофермент, на частоту и выраженность нежелательных реакций флувоксамина.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> ― изучить влияние активности изофермента CYPD6 на эффективность и безопасность терапии флувоксамином у пациентов с депрессивными расстройствами, коморбидными с алкоголизмом.</p><p><bold>Методы.</bold> Исследование проведено на 117 русских пациентах с депрессивными расстройствами, коморбидными с алкогольной зависимостью. Пациентам с целью коррекции депрессивных расстройств в рамках циклотимии был назначен флувоксамин в дозировке 50−150 мг/сут. Генотипирование CYP2D6*4 (1846G&gt;A, rs3892097) осуществлялось методом полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени с аллельспецифической гибридизацией. Эффективность и безопасность оценивали с помощью валидизированных психометрических шкал и шкалы оценки выраженности нежелательных лекарственных реакций. Для оценки активности CYP2D6 использовали метод высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии с масс-спектрометрией по содержанию в моче эндогенного субстрата данного изофермента и его метаболита — отношение 6-гидрокси-1,2,3,4-тетрагидро-бета-карболина.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. К 9-му дню исследования выраженность депрессивной симптоматики по шкале HAMD статистически значимо отличалась у пациентов с разными генотипами: (GG) 7,0 [6,0; 8,0], (GA) 4,0 [3,0; 5,0] (p&lt;0,001); показатель безопасности, оцененный по шкале UKU: 3,0 [2,0; 4,0], (GA) 4,0 [4,0; 4,2] (p&lt;0,001). Наличие различий сохранялось и на 16-й день: (GG) 5,0 [3,0; 6,0], (GA) 1,5 [1,0; 3,0] (p&lt;0,001); показатель безопасности, оцененный по шкале UKU: (GG) 9,0 [9,0; 10,0], (GA) 6,0 [6,0; 7,0] (p&lt;0,001). Расчет показателей коэффициентов корреляции между разницей в количестве баллов по психометрическим шкалам и метаболическим отношением показал наличие статистически значимой обратной корреляции средней степени силы между показателем эффективности, оцененной с помощью шкалы HAMD (r=-0,467, p&lt;0,05). Связь с разницей по шкале UKU отсутствовала (r=0,173, p&gt;0,05).</p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В данном исследовании было продемонстрировано влияние активности CYP2D6, оцененной по отношению концентраций эндогенного субстрата пинолина и его метаболита 6-гидрокси-1,2,3,4-тетрагидро-бета-карболина, на показатель эффективности терапии флувоксамином. Повышение активности CYP2D6 снижает эффективность терапии флувоксамином. Влияние активности CYP2D6 на безопасность подтверждено не было. Тем не менее обнаружено влияние полиморфизма гена CYP2D6 на профиль безопасности.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>fluvoxamine</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd><kwd>CYP2D6</kwd><kwd>pinoline</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>флувоксамин</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd><kwd>CYP2D6</kwd><kwd>пинолин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Shiv G, Akhilesh J, Manaswi G. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of depression. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017;59(5):34–50. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.196973.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Spear BB, Heath-Chiozzi M, Huff J. Clinical application of pharmacogenetics. Trends Mol Med. 2001;7(5):201–204. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4914(01)01986-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bertilsson L, Dahl ML, Dalen P, Al-Shurbaji A. Molecular genetics of CYP2D6: clinical relevance with focus on psychotropic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;53(2):111–122. doi: 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01548.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Lin JH, Lu AY. Inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 and the clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;35(5):361–390. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199835050-00003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Shen H, He MM, Liu H, et al. Comparative metabolic capabilities and inhibitory profiles of CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.10, and CYP2D6.17. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007;35(8):1292–1300. doi: 10.1124/dmd.107.015354.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Charlier C, Broly F, Lhermitte M, et al. Polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene: association with plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and paroxetine. Ther Drug Monit. 2003;25(6):738–742. doi: 10.1097/00007691-200312000-00014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Sawamura K, Suzuki Y, Someya T. Effects of dosage and CYP2D6-mutated allele on plasma concentration of paroxetine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60(8):553–557. doi: 10.1007/s00228-004-0792-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Ueda M, Hirokane G, Morita S, et al. The impact of CYP2D6 genotypes on the plasma concentration of paroxetine in Japanese psychiatric patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(3):486–491. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Wang Z, Wang S, Huang M, et al. Characterizing the effect of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms on stereoselective N-demethylation of fluoxetine. Chirality. 2014;26(3):166–173. doi: 10.1002/chir.22289.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Dalen P, Dahl ML, Roh HK, et al. Disposition of debrisoquine and nortriptyline in Korean subjects in relation to CYP2D6 genotypes, and comparison with Caucasians. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;55(6):630–634. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01804.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Lee SY, Sohn KM, Ryu JY, et al. Sequence-based CYP2D6 genotyping in the Korean population. Ther Drug Monit. 2006;28(3):382–387. doi: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000211823.80854.db.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Eap CB, Bondolfi G, Zullino D, et al. Concentrations of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine after multiple doses of fluoxetine in cytochrome P4502D6 poor and extensive metabolizers. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(3):330–334. doi: 10.1097/00004714-200106000-00013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Fukuda T, Nishida Y, Zhou Q, et al. The impact of the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes on venlafaxine pharmacokinetics in a Japanese population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56(2):175–180. doi: 10.1007/s002280050737.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>McAlpine DE, Biernacka JM, Mrazek DA, et al. Effect of cytochrome P450 enzyme polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine. Ther Drug Monit. 2011;33(1):14–20. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181fcf94d.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Nichols AI, Lobello K, Guico-Pabia CJ, et al. Venlafaxine metabolism as a marker of cytochrome P450 enzyme 2D6 metabolizer status. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(4):383–386. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181acc4dd.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hiemke C, Baumann P, Bergemann N, et al. AGNP Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry: update 2011. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2011;44(6):195–235. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1286287.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Gerstenberg G, Aoshima T, Fukasawa T, et al. Effects of the CYP2D6 genotype and cigarette smoking on the steady-state plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine and its major metabolite fluvoxamine acid in Japanese depressed patients. Ther Drug Monit. 2003;25(4):463–468. doi: 10.1097/00007691-200308000-00008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Watanabe J, Suzuki Y, Fukui N, et al. Dose-dependent effect of the CYP2D6 genotype on the steady-state fluvoxamine concentration. Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30(6):705–708. doi: 10.1177/0269881110370504</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ohara K, Tanabu S, Ishibashi K, et al. CYP2D6*10 alleles do not determine plasma fluvoxamine concentration/dose ratio in Japanese subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;58 (10):659–661. doi: 10.1007/s00228-002-0529-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Stingl JC, Brockmoller J, Viviani R. Genetic variability of drug-metabolizing enzymes: the dual impact on psychiatric therapy and regulation of brain function. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(3):273–287. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Flannery BA, Volpicelli JR, Pettinati HM, et al. Psychometric properties of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(8):1289–1295. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04349.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Busner J, Targum SD. The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007;4(7):28–37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361–370. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4(6):561–571. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Lingjaerde O, Ahlfors UG, Bech P, et al. The UKU side effect rating scale. A new comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross-sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic-treated patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1987;334:1–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb10566.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang XL, Shen HW, Yu AM. Pinoline may be used as a probe for CYP2D6 activity. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009; 37(3):443–446. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.025056.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Sychev DA, Zastrozhin MS, Grishina EA, et al. The correlation between CYP2D6 isoenzyme activity and haloperidol efficacy and safety profile in patients with alcohol addiction during the exacerbation of the addiction. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2016;9:89–95. doi: 10.2147/PGPM.S110385.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Sychev DA, Zastrozhin MS, Miroshnichenko II, et al. Genotyping and phenotyping of CYP2D6 and CYP3A isoenzymes in patients with alcohol use disorder: correlation with haloperidol plasma concentration. Drug Metab Pers Ther. 2017;32(3):129–136. doi: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Zastrozhin MS, Grishina EA, Denisenko NP, et al. Effects of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms on the efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in patients with depressive disorder and comorbid alcohol use disorder. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2018;11:113–119. doi: 10.2147/PGPM.S160763.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Hicks JK, Bishop JR, Sangkuhl K, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and dosing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;98(2):127–134. doi: 10.1002/cpt.147.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
